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Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Integumentary System, Pt. 5 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Integumentary System, Pt. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of nodular/diffuse dermatitis? What are the 3 possible inflammatory infiltrates and their cause?

A
  1. infectious**
  2. noninfectious
  3. neutrophils —> bacteria
  4. eosinophils —> parasites, eosinophilic granuloma
  5. histiocytes (chronic granuloma/pyogranuloma) —> mycobacteria, fungi, foreign body
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2
Q

Nodular/diffuse dermatitis, histology:

A
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3
Q

How does nodule/diffuse dermatitis present grossly?

A

nodular or plaque-like lesions that may be alopecic, ulcerated, or draining

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4
Q

What causes canine leproid granuloma? What breeds are most commonly affected?

A

novel mycobacterial species

short-coated large breeds, like Boxers

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5
Q

How does canine leproid granuloma present grossly?

A

single to multiple well-circumscribed, firm, nonpainful dermal nodules on pinnae (ONLY)

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6
Q

What is seen histologically in canine leproid granuloma?

A

pyogranulomatous dermatitis with intralesional acid-fast positive bacteria

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7
Q

What are cutaneous lesions from deep/systemic fungal infection secondary to? How does infection begin?

A

systemic infection from lungs, eyes, and bones

ingestion or inhalation from contaminated soil
- geographical distribution

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8
Q

What are 4 examples of fungi that cause deep/systemic fungal infection?

A
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans
  2. Histoplasma capsulatum
  3. Blastomyces dermatitidis
  4. Coccidioides immitis
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9
Q

Deep/systemic fungal infection, gross lesions:

A

nodular, plaque-like; ulcerative, alopecic

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10
Q

Deep/systemic fungal infection, histology:

A
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11
Q

What is pythiosis?

A

ulcerative lesions with fistulous tracts, along with pale yellow coral-like concretions found in sinus tracts (kunkers) caused by Pythium insidiosum, an aquatic dimorphic water mold

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12
Q

How does the presentation of pythiosis compare in dogs and horses?

A

DOG: GI > skin

HORSE skin > GI
- limbs, ventral thorax, abdomen

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13
Q

What is seen on histology of pythiosis?

A

granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation and granulation tissue
- + peripheral eosinophilia

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14
Q

What causes Leishmaniasis? How is it transmitted?

A

Leishmania infantum —> obligate intracellular protozoa

bite of sandfly
- zoonotic!

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15
Q

What are the cutaneous and systemic symptoms of Leishmaniasis?

A

CUTANEOUS: alopecia, ulcers, nodules, and exfoliative dermatitis on the muzzle, periorbital and aural regions; onychongryphosis

SYSTEMIC: hyperproteinemia with hypergammaglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia

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16
Q

Leishmaniasis, histology:

A
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17
Q

What causes Habronemiasis? What is its pathogenesis? When is infection most common?

A

(summer sores in horses)
Habronema muscae nematode transmitted by flies

  • nematode passed in feces
  • ingested by fly maggots
  • deposited onto horse in the medial canthus of eye and prepuce by host fly

summer and early fall, when flies are active

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18
Q

What is seen histologically in Habronemiasis?

A

granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation around nematode larvae

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of noninfectious diffuse/nodular dermatitis?

A
  1. sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitits
  2. eosinophilic granuloma
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20
Q

What is sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis? In what dogs is it most common?

A

juvenile cellulitis, puppy strangle

mostly young Golden retrievers, dachshunds, labrador retrievers, and Gordon setters

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21
Q

What gross lesions are seen in granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis? What are some other clinical signs?

A

facial swelling, papules, and pustules affecting the periocular skin, muzzle and pinnae

  • fever
  • lethargy
  • hyporexia
  • lymphadenomegaly
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22
Q

What is seen histologically with granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis?

A

nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis lacking any infectious agents

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23
Q

What is the cause of granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis? What does it commonly respond to?

A

cause unknown

immunosuppressive drugs

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24
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A
  1. eosinophilic plaque
  2. indolent ulcer
  3. eosinophilic granuloma
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25
Q

What is the characteristic of eosinophilic granuloma complex on histology?

A

flame figure of hyalinized collagen
- + eosinophils

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26
Q

What is panniculitis? What are some probable causes?

A

inflammation of the subcutis

  • trauma
  • post injection
  • post surgery
  • foreign body
  • infectious disease (must rule out)
  • pancreatic disease (lipase release)
  • vitamin E deficiency
  • immune-mediated
  • idiopathic
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27
Q

What type of panniculitis is most commonly has idiopathic cause?

A

sterile nodular panniculitis more common in dogs

28
Q

Panniculitis, histology:

A

inflammatory cells infiltrate subcutis

29
Q

What are 2 major lesions characteristic of panniculitis?

A
  1. nodules
  2. draining tracts
30
Q

What is sterile nodular panniculitis? In what dogs is it most common?

A

(sterile pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis; sterile granuloma/pyogranuloma syndrome)

idiopathic condition with dermal or subcutaneous nodules with drainage or ulcers mostly found on the trunk (commonly in association with fever, anorexia, and concurrent disease)

Dachshunds

31
Q

How is sterile nodular panniculitis diagnosed? What type of treatment does it typically respond to?

A

must rule out infectious disease first with negative tissue culture and special stains for bacteria, fungi, and mycobacterium

immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive medications

32
Q

What is seen histologically in sterile nodular panniculitis?

A

pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis

33
Q

What are the main 3 features of atrophic dermatoses (noninflammatory alopecia? What are 3 causes?

A
  1. follicular atrophy (telogen) with follicular keratosis
  2. sebaceous atrophy
    3 epidermal +/- dermal atrophy
  3. endocrine dermatopathy***
  4. ischemia
  5. feline acquired skin fragility
34
Q

Atrophic dermatoses (noninflammatory alopecia), histology:

A
35
Q

How does endocrine dermatoses present?

A

bilateral symmetrical alopecia with hyperpigmentation, epidermal and dermal thining, and a rough, dry, and dull coat
- minimal inflammation —> scaling with secondary infection

36
Q

How is endocrine dermatoses diagnosed?

A

clinical, gross, and histological lesion are rarely specific —> diagnosis based on clinical and histological features + clinical testing for hormonal deficiency/excess

37
Q

What 6 conditions are responsible for endocrine dermatoses?

A
  1. hypothyroidism (T4)
  2. hyperadrenocorticism
  3. hyperestrogenism
  4. hyposomatotropism (dwarfism)
  5. hypersomatotropism
  6. alopecia X
38
Q

What is hypothyroidism? What dermal lesions does it cause? In what dogs is it most common?

A

primary thyroid dysfunction caused by lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic thyroid atrophy

bilateral symmetrical alopecia, thickened and droopy facial skin from myxedema, and alopecia of the entire tail (rat tail)

middle-aged dogs

39
Q

What are 3 causes of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC)?

A
  1. pituitary-dependent
  2. adrenal-dependent
  3. iatrogenic
40
Q

What are 6 common dermal lesions caused by hyperadrenocorticism (HAC)?

A
  1. bilaterally symmetrical alopecia of the trunk
  2. pendulous abdomen
  3. hyperpigmentation
  4. telangiectasia
  5. comedones (keratin accumulation)
  6. calcinosis cutis (most common in iatrogenic form)
41
Q

What is alopecia X most common in? How does it present?

A

plush-coated breeds (Pomeranians, Chow Chows, Husky)

bilateral symmetrical alopecia with hyperpigmentation on the trunk, and caudal thighs, sparing the head and distal extremities

42
Q

What are the main 2 causes of hyperestrogenism? How does it present?

A
  1. SPONTANEOUS: testicular sustentacular cell (Sertoli cell) tumor, ovarian cyst, ovarian neoplasia (increases estrogen levels)
  2. EXOGENOUS: transdermal estradiol gel

bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation, with gynecomastia or vulvar enlargement

43
Q

What is cutaneous vasculitis? What are 4 common causes?

A

inflammation targeting walls of venules or arterioles

  1. bacterial infection (Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
  2. bacterial septicemia (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)
  3. immune-mediated disease
  4. drug associated
44
Q

What are the 4 most common lesions associated with cutaneous vasculitis?

A
  1. edema
  2. erythematous macules
  3. petechiae
  4. ecchymoses
45
Q

Other than edema, erythematous macules, petechiae, and ecchymoses, what can cutaneous vasculitis also lead to?

A

ulceration of distal extremities (pinnae, toes, tail tip) with or without sloughing of tissue

46
Q

What causes swine erysipelas (diamond skin disease)? What are the 3 forms? What kind of pigs does it usually affect?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

  1. acute (septic/fatal/cutaneous lesions)
  2. subacute
  3. chronic

growing and adult swine

47
Q

What causes cutaneous lesions to occur during swine erysipelas (diamond skin disease)? What lesions are seen?

A

septicemia —> bacterial emobolization to the skin —> vasculitis —> thrombosis, ischemia, infarction

multifocal, red to purple rhomboidal (diamond), slightly raised skin lesions

48
Q

What are 4 cutaneous tumor-like proliferations? What are the 3 types of tumors?

A
  1. viral plaque
  2. cyst
  3. hamartoma
  4. cutaneous horn
  5. epithelial (adenoma, carcinoma)
  6. mesenchymal (-oma, -sarcoma)
  7. round cell
49
Q

What diagnostic is commonly used on growths to see if it is a cancerous growth? How do the different types of tumors show?

A

FNA for cytology

  1. epithelial: cell adhesions remain
  2. mesenchymal: individualized spindles
  3. round cell: individualized, large, round
50
Q

Tumor-like lesions:

A
51
Q

What are the major presentations of Papillomaviral disease in dogs?

A
  1. oral papillomatosis (cauliflower-like)
  2. cutaneous papillomas
  3. squamous cell carcinomas
  4. pigmented viral plaques
52
Q

What are the 2 most common things seen on histology of viral papilloma?

A
  1. viral cytopathic effect - grey cytoplasm
  2. intranuclear viral inclusion bodies
53
Q

What causes papillomavirus in cattle? At what age is infection most common? How is it transmitted?

A

bovine papillomavirus 1-13

young cattle <2 years old

direct or indirect contact

54
Q

How does papillomavirus present in cattle?

A

horny, dry, cauliflower-like masses (warts) on the head, neck, shoulders, teats, and penis

55
Q

What is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in cats? What causes it in different parts of the skin?

A

(epithelial) squamous cell carcinoma

UV light = lightly pigmented skin
papillomavirus = pigmented skin

56
Q

What is the most common skin neoplasm of equids? What causes it?

A

(mesenchymal) equine sarcoid

BPV-1, 2, and 12

57
Q

What is equine sarcoid? In what areas does it frequently develop?

A

locally aggressive, nonmetaplastic, fibroblastic skin tumors that present as nodules, plaques, verrucous masses on the head, periocular region, ears, limbs, and prepuce

  • areas with previous trauma
  • recurs after surgical excision
58
Q

What causes injection site-associated sarcoma? What is prognosis like?

A

vaccines, injections of foreign material, trauma, and microchip implantations

locally aggressive with a high rate of local recurrence —> poor prognosis

59
Q

What kind of tumors are injection site-associated sarcomas?

A

mesenchymal —> fibrosarcomas**, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma

60
Q

What are the most common pigmented nodules?

A

RED: hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma

BLACK: melanocytoma or melanoma

61
Q

What acronym is used to list the types of round cell neoplasia? How are they diagnosed?

A

L = lymphoma
Y = transmissible venereal tumor
M = mast cell tumor
P = plasma cell tumor
H = histiocytoma

perform a FNA and do cytologic exam

62
Q

What kind of neoplasm is histiocytoma? What do they look like? What age animals are mostly affected?

A

round cell neoplasia of Langerhans cells

dome-shaped

young dogs

63
Q

What is the prognosis of histiocytomas?

A

good! —> undergoes spontaneous immune-mediated regression

64
Q

What is the most common skin tumor in dogs? How does it typically present?

A

(round cell) mast cell tumors

alopecic, solitary to multiple, erythematous and edematous nodules on the trunk, extremities, and head

65
Q

What does the prognosis of mast cell tumors depend on?

A

histoligcal grades —> submit for biopsy!

66
Q

How does canine cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma present? In what animals is it most common? Why is prognosis so poor?

A

generalized scaling, ulcers, nodules and depigmentation of the lips and nasal planum

older dogs

tends to metastasize to lymph nodes, which leads to systemic spread

67
Q

What is characteristic of canine cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma?

A

neoplastic CD3+ T-cells infiltrated epidermis/dermis

Systemic Pathology I (25 decks)

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