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Systemic Pathology I > Avian Diseases, Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Avian Diseases, Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What birds are typically most susceptible to salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis, and trichomoniasis?

A

SALMONELLOSIS = songbirds

MYCOPLASMOSIS = house finch

TRICHOMONIASIS = doves, pigeons

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2
Q

What causes Salmonellosis? What species are most affected?

A

Salmonella enterica (S. typhimurium most common) - Gram negative rod

songbirds, Garden birds

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3
Q

What songbirds in North America are most affected by Salmonellosis?

A
  1. pine siskin
  2. common redpoll (Canada)
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4
Q

How is Salmonellosis transmitted? What makes more likely to be transmitted?

A

fecal-oral - winter/spring

bird feeders - clusters of birds + feces

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5
Q

Why is Salmonellosis presentation unique in songbirds?

A

not usual enteritis - upper GI signs in the esophagus and crop

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6
Q

What are the 3 most common clinical signs of Salmonellosis?

A
  1. birds are abnormally tame, weak flight, and stay on feeders
  2. found dead at feeders
  3. emaciation
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7
Q

Where are most gross findings found in songbirds with Salmonellosis? What 4 things are found?

A

esophagus and crop

  1. necrosis
  2. fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane
  3. Gram - rods
  4. heterophilic to granulomatous inflammation
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8
Q

What 2 unique gross lesions are found in songbirds with Salmenollosis?

A
  1. foci of necrosis/inflammation in other organs/tissues, like the pectoral muscles, brain, and liver
  2. arthritis in waterfowl
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9
Q

Salmonellosis, GI:

A
  • pectoral atrophy
  • crop full of necrotic material
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10
Q

Salmonellosis, GI:

A
  • esophagus/crop
  • yellow, fibrinonectrotic plaques
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11
Q

Salmonellosis, crop:

A

full thickness

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12
Q

Salmonellosis, systemic:

A

pale nodules with G- rods and heterophils with granulomatous inflammation

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13
Q

How is Salmonellosis diagnosed?

A
  • signalment, gross lesions, histopathology
  • Gram negative rods on culture from crop and liver tissue
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14
Q

How is Salmonellosis controlled?

A

reduce contact and crowding around bird feeders
- messy feeders with seeds and feces on the ground
- platform feeders

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15
Q

Is Salmonellosis zoonotic?

A

yes, just not to humans
- feral cats feeding on siskins and redpolls

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16
Q

What causes Mycoplasmosis? What birds are most affected?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum - bacteria without a cell wall growing as a sunny-side-up egg colonies

house finches

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17
Q

What has caused the spread of Mycoplasmosis in North America?

A

house finches used to be a western species, but the 40’s Hollywood finch was brought to eastern NA, didn’t sell well as pets, and were released
- Washington, DC = first outbreak in 1993-1994

18
Q

How has citizen science helped diagnose and track Mycoplasmosis?

A

Project FeederWatch - people submit what birds are seen dead at feeders

19
Q

What is characteristically seen in finches affected by Mycoplasmosis?

A

dramatic keratoconjuncitivitis

20
Q

How is Mycoplasmosis transmitted? What does the bacteria target?

A

direct contact with surfaces or droplets (ocular/sinusoidal secretions) without any vertical transmission in finches

ocular and nasal/sinusoidal mucosae and adheres to the apical surface of the epithelium

21
Q

In what 2 ways does Mycoplasma gallisepticum cause damage? What inflammation results?

A
  1. inhibition of ciliary activity of the respiratory epithelium
  2. secretion of cytotoxic substances

lymphocyte and plasma cells - no cell wall or LPS so no heterophilic response

22
Q

What are the 2 most common clinical signs in finches with Mycoplasmosis?

A
  1. swollen eyelids (conjunctivitis and blepharitis) - blindness, serous exudate
  2. emaciation and or predation leads to death
23
Q

Mycoplasmosis, histopathology:

A

conjunctivitis, blepharitis, sinusitis - lymphoplasmacytic, focally extensive, subacute, marked to severe

  • inflammatory cells trying to reach Mycoplasma in the surface epithelium
24
Q

Mycoplasmosis, diganosis IHC:

A
25
Q

How is Mycoplasmosis diagnosed? What is not recommended?

A

PCR, qPCR

culture - very difficult, too many other organisms

26
Q

How is Mycoplasmosis controlled?

A

reduce contact/crowding at bird feeders, or using suet feeders rather than tube feeders

27
Q

What causes Trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas gallinae - protozoan trophozoites with flagella and undulating membranes

  • Trichomoniosis
  • Canker (doves and pigeons)
  • Frounce (raptors)
28
Q

What species are most affected by Trichomoniasis?

A

doves and pigeons
- raptors that feed on them
- emerging in finches

29
Q

When is Trichomoniasis most commonly found?

A

summer - based on nesting time and presence of offspring

30
Q

In what 3 ways is Trichomoniasis transmitted?

A
  1. crop milk from parent to offspring
  2. contact with infected surfaces - feeders/water baths
  3. regurgitated material - finches feed on this from pigeons
31
Q

What is the tissue tropism of Trichomoniasis? How does it replicate?

A
  • oral cavity
  • esophagus
  • crop
  • cranial bones

binary fission

32
Q

What are the 3 most common clinical signs of Trichomoniasis?

A
  1. weakness, fluffed feathers, loss of predator response
  2. regurgitation and crusty material around beak
  3. emaciation
33
Q

Trichomoniasis:

A
34
Q

What gross finding is most commonly found in Trichomoniasis?

A

caseous material (cankers) in lumen of the esophagus, crop, or mouth + thickened esophageal or ingluvial wall

35
Q

Trichomoniasis, cankers:

A

regurgitate because they can’t swallow past the canker

36
Q

What is most commonly seen on histopathology in Trichomoniasis?

A

esophagitis/ingulvitis/stomatitis with occasional osteomyelitis and/or hepatic necrosis

37
Q

Trichomoniasis, histopathology:

A

no special stains work - intralesional protozoans

38
Q

Trichomoniasis, necrosis:

A
39
Q

How is Trichomoniasis diagnosed? What is the best way to detect the Trichomonad?

A

signalment, season (Summer!), gross lesions, histopathology

  • direct smear/culture in pouches
  • PCR
40
Q

What is the best way to control Trichomoniasis?

A

prevent overcrowding by eliminating feeders, or at least remove platform ones, since it increases the risk of consuming regurgitated material and contact with doves/pigeons
- finches have become carriers because they share feeders, which can help increase the virulence of new strains

Systemic Pathology I (25 decks)

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