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Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which myopathies are most common in dogs and cats?

A

DOGS: dilated cardiomyopathy
CATS: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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2
Q

At which age and in which breed of dogs are dilated cardiomyopathies most common?

A
  • young to middle-aged dogs
  • giant/large breeds: Saint Bernards, Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, Doberman Pinschers, Portuguese Water Dogs (familial)
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3
Q

How does dilated cardiomyopathy look grossly?

A

rounded and enlarged heart —> abnormal shape, cardiomegaly with LV and RV dilated

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4
Q

What is eccentric myocardial hypertrophy?

A

increased sarcomeres within cytoplasm, aligning large cardiomyocytes with increased length and not width

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5
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy cross-section:

A

DOGS

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6
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:

A

CATS
- increased LV thickness
- decreased chamber size
- ischemic damage

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7
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:

A

CATS
- cardiomegaly
- LA, LV enlargement

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8
Q

What can cause the areas of pallor seen in in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

degenerative necrosis from hypoxic damage —> extra muscle from prominent thickening of LV free wall and interventricular septum can’t get enough oxygen
(+ RV collapse)

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9
Q

How does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect the arrangement of cardiomyocytes?

A

variable degrees of hypertrophy causes them to be arranged in an interweaving, rather than parallel, pattern

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10
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, interweaving pattern:

A

myocardial disarray

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11
Q

What are some common presentations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • sudden meowing and rolling —> uncomfortable, in pain!
  • mouth breathing
  • heart murmur
  • posterior paresis/paralysis
  • cold right front limb and both hindlimbs
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12
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:

A
  • marked cardiomegaly
  • lungs congested and edematous
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13
Q

Why does the left atrium become enlarged in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

congestive left-sided heart failure
(hypertrophic —> >38g heart, usually no more than 16g)

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14
Q

Where are saddle thrombi most commonly found? Why? What does this commonly cause in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

bifurcations (from abdominal aorta into external iliac arteries)

bifurcations have increased turbulence

ischemic damage to legs causes paresis and no/subtle femoral pulse

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15
Q

What causes myocarditis?

A

secondary cardiomyopathy often the result of hematogenous infection

  • VIRAL: canine parvovirus, foot and mouth disease virus, encephalomyocarditis virus
  • BACTERIA: Histophilus somni, Clostridium chauvoei
  • PARASITE: Toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, neosporosis, encephalitozoonosis (lab animals), Trypanosoma cruzi, cysticercosis, trichinosis
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16
Q

Black leg, cattle:

A

etiology = Clostridium chauvoei
- emphysematous

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17
Q

Acute necrotizing and suppurative myocarditis, heifer:

A

common in feedlot cattle (H. somni) —> stress —> immunocrompromization

  • can cause thrombotic meningoencephalitis + fibrinous pneumonia, arthritis
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18
Q

What is the common etiologic agent of acute necrotizing and supperative myocarditis in feedlot cattle?

A

Histophilus somni

  • vasculitis —> thrombosis —> ischemia
  • ring of inflammation around infarct
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19
Q

Chronic suppurative myocarditis CHF, heifer:

A

survival after acute onset leads to neutrophil invasion and abscess formation —> clinical signs of CHF
- etiology = H. somni

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20
Q

What causes cysticercosis? Where are the different stages of this parasite found?

A

larval stage of a taenia (platyhelminth), or tapeworm

ADULT = intestine of the definitive host (humans, dogs, wild carnivores)
LARVAL (cysticercus) = muscle of intermediate host (pigs, cattle, moose, reindeer)

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21
Q

What causes (neuro)cysticercosis in humans?

A

ingestion of taenia eggs, NOT from ingestion of larva (cysticerci) from raw or incompletely cooked pork or contaminated vegetables
- formation of tapeworm in the intestine

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22
Q

Cysticercus cellulosae (Taenia solium of humans), pig heart muscle:

A

vesicles containing Taenia
- death of the parasite within the vesicle can cause calcification

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23
Q

What are 4 common primary cardiac neoplasias?

A
  1. rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma - in striated muscle, most common in skeletal muscle
  2. Schwanomma - Schwann cells of cardiac verves
  3. hemangiosarcoma - endothelial cells (rupture leads to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade)
  4. heart base tumors
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24
Q

What are the 2 types of primary heart base tumors?

A
  1. aortic body tumors- chemodectoma involving chemoreceptors in aorta
  2. tumors arising from ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue
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25
Q

When are secondary cardiac neoplasias most common?

A

cattle with metastatic tumors, including lymphosarcoma

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26
Q

Atrial hemangiosarcoma, dog:

A

large, nodular cyst filled with blood that can rupture and bleed into the pericardial sac

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27
Q

Where do hemangiosarcomas arise from?

A

endothelium —> presence inside vessels allows for metastasis into the lungs

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28
Q

Atrial hemangiosarcoma, dog:

A
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29
Q

What dogs are prone to developing chemodectomas?

A

Boxers
- heart base tumor at the base of the aorta

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30
Q

Enzootic leukosis, Holstein cow:

A

lymphosarcoma —> increased metastasis

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31
Q

Enzootic leukosis, Holstein cow:

A

nodular, pale tan, thickened

32
Q

Enzootic leukosis lesion and histology, Holstein cow:

A
33
Q

Lymphosarcoma, Sheltie:

A
34
Q

What is a common etiology of vasculitis in pigs? How does this present?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

multiple cutaneous infarcts - diamond skin disease
- blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis, arteritis) —> multifocal necrotizing dermatitis due to bacterial thrombi and infarcts

35
Q

What is beagle pain syndrome? Where is this commonly found?

A

idiopathic (immune?) necrotizing polyarteritis common in juveniles

small arteries, mainly in pulmonary and meningial arterioles

36
Q

What is beagle pain syndrome? Where is this commonly found?

A

idiopathic (immune?) necrotizing polyarteritis common in juveniles

small arteries, mainly in pulmonary and meningeal arterioles

37
Q

In what animals is fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis common? What 2 things can this cause?

A

swine

  1. Mulberry heart disease
  2. gastric submucosal blood vessels in edema disease
38
Q

Mulberry heart disease:

A

smooth muscle of tunica cannot be recognized
- homogenous eosinophilic fibrin
- fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis

39
Q

Edema disease:

A

edema of stomach wall in gastric submucosal blood vessels
- Shiga toxin of E. coli
- fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis

40
Q

What causes edema disease in pigs? What secondary condition can be caused?

A

bacterial enterotoxin (verotoxin, Shiga) that causes endothelial injury in arterioles resulting in fluid loss and edema

focal bilaterally symmetrical encephalomalacia (cerebrospinal angiopathy of swine)

41
Q

Edema disease, swine:

A

translucent edema

42
Q

What is arteriosclerosis? What is the most important pattern of arteriosclerosis? What is characteristic of this?

A

“hardening of the arteries” - generic term for the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls, causing the lumen to shrink

atherosclerosis - presence of atheromas plaques within the intima and media containing cholesterols and other lipids

43
Q

What is the most common cause of artherosclerosis? 2 other causes?

A

***hypothyroidism
- type II diabetes mellitus
- hyperadrenocorticism

44
Q

What is this? What is the most common cause?

A

coronary artherosclerosis —> prominent, pallor coronary arteries with reddish plaque lesions

hypothyroidism

45
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis, dog:

A

thick, pallor arteries

46
Q

Atherosclerosis, histology:

A
  • cholesterol cleft/mineralization
  • presence of macrophages with lipids in cytoplasm (vacuoles)
47
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis:

A

not as obvious

48
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis, histology:

A
  • extreme thickening of arterial wall
  • macrophages with lipids in cytoplasm
  • focal mineralization; cholesterol clefts
49
Q

What are 3 common causes of arterial mineralization in cows, horses, and pigs?

A
  1. Johne’s disease - granulomatous inflammation due to Mycobacterium bovis causes macrophages to produce substances that induce calcium deposition
  2. ingestion of calcinogenic plants containing vitamin D analogs - vitamin D increases calcium deposition in the intestine, leading to deposition into major arteries
  3. unintended overdosing of vitamin D in feed
50
Q

Arterial mineralization, cow:

A
51
Q

What are dissecting aneurysms?

A

dissection of blood between and along the laminar planes of the tunica media causes the formation of a blood-filled channel within the aortic wall, resulting in rupture and fatal hemorrhage

52
Q

What are dissecting aneurysms?

A

dissection of blood between and along the laminar planes of the tunica media causes the formation of a blood-filled channel within the aortic wall, resulting in rupture and fatal hemorrhage

53
Q

What is the most common cause of arterial ruptures leading to aneurysms?

A

physical trauma
- sponateous ruptures are rare

54
Q

When is fatal rupture of the uterine artery common in mares?

A

during parturition of aged mares with low serum copper levels
(copper is necessary for blood vessel wall health)

55
Q

When is rupture of the carotid artery in horses common?

A

mycotic vasculitis in the guttural pouch, since the medial wall of the pouch is attached to the carotid artery and fungi have a predilection for blood vessels

56
Q

When is aortic rupture common in horses? What is it thought to be secondary to? Where in the aorta is this rupture commonly found?

A

in periods of excitement and physical activity, like racing, showjumping, or breeding in stallions (however, most cases are idiopathic)

increased intra-aortic pressure at the root of the aorta

57
Q

What breed of horse has a high prevalence of aortic rupture? Where does the rupture occur?

A

young Friesian horses

aortic arch, potentially with aortopulmonary fistulation

58
Q

Aortic rupture, horse:

A
59
Q

What is a common cause of dissecting aneurysms in pigs?

A

copper deficiency
- dilated pulmonary artery
- dark red = blood pooling and splitting the wall

60
Q

Dissecting aneurysm, turkey:

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • blood pools and splits tunica media
61
Q

Where are dissecting aneurysms also reported in racing greyhounds?

A

coronary and renal arteries —> fatal arterial rupture

62
Q

What is the Virchow triad?

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. hypercoagulability
  3. abnormal blood flow
    - all leads to thrombosis
63
Q

How does arteritis lead to thrombosis?

A

inflammation of arterial walls leads to damage of endothelial surface

64
Q

Vasoconstriction and primary hemostasis:

A
65
Q

Platelet plug formation:

A
66
Q

What antithrombotic event occurs in healthy endothelium to keep a thrombus from forming?

A

release of tissue plasminogen activator (fibrinolysis) and thrombomodulin (blocks coagulation cascade)

67
Q

What are 2 common results after a thrombus has formed within the vessel?

A
  1. thrombus propagation - platelet and coagulation pathway activation increases the size of the thrombus
  2. recanalization- formation of a blood channel through the thrombus so that RBCs can flow through
68
Q

What is the main complication associated with thrombus formation?

A

piece of thrombus becomes loose and is able to travel downstream and become lodged in smaller diameter vessels —> emboli!

69
Q

Why is thrombosis common in dogs with renal glomerular disease?

A

protein-losing nephropathy (through urine) causes a significant loss of antithrombin III, a major inhibitor of thrombin
(heartworm can cause thrombosis, too!)

70
Q

How can a thrombus be differentiated from a blood clot?

A

paler and duller than a blood clot, that is usually bright red and moist

71
Q

Strongyloidiasis, horse colon:

A
  • parasitic colitis
  • red nematodes cause infection that can lead to thrombosis
  • small red pinpoints = small larval strongyloids
72
Q

Colonic edema, horse:

A

small strongyles (cyathostome larvae) encysted in the mucosa

73
Q

What is a common predilection for thrombosis caused by parasitic infection in horses? What does this typically lead to?

A

cranial mesenteric artery - supplies colon and cecum (associated with antiparasitic resistance)

poor perfusion leads to colic or infarction that can lead to septic peritonitis

74
Q

Strongyle thrombus:

A
  • strongyles climbing to the aorta, causing thickened and dilated aorta (verminous aneurysm)
  • thrombus obliterating lumen of cranial mesenteric artery, which leads to infarction

(thrombus = dry, friable)

75
Q

Verminous arteritis, abdominal aorta:

A

thrombus formation

76
Q

Verminous arteritis in cranial mesenteric artery, histology:

A
  • fibrin and tunic intima destruction
  • prominent inflammatory infiltration of eosinophils (parasite!)
77
Q

Saddle thrombosis, cat with hypertrophic cardomyopathy:

A

bifurcation of terminal aorta and iliac arteries

Systemic Pathology I (25 decks)

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