Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology I > Pathology of the Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Pathology of the Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lower urinary tract? What are most diseases of the LUT associated with?

A

conduit for transport of urinary waste from the kidney to the exterior, made up of paired ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

obstruction and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does gender affect predilection for LUT disease?

A

MALES: prone to obstruction due to urethra anatomy (sigmoid flexure, urethral process, and os penis are narrow)

FEMALES: prone to infection due to short urethra and its proximity to external environment and rectal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an ectopic ureter? What does this predispose an animal to?

A

ureter terminates at the urethra or vagina rather than at the trigone at the bladder
(usually an incidental finding)

  • hydronephrosis
  • hydroureter
  • UTI
  • pyelonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is urolithiasis? What is the difference between uroliths/stones and urethral plugs?

A

presence of calculi made up of precipitated urinary solutes, urinary proteins, and proteinaceous debris in the urinary passages

  • UROLITHS/STONE: minerals predominate, round/spherical hard structures
  • URETHRAL PLUG: masses of sandy sludge with a higher organic (protein) component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 4 major causes of urolithiasis?

A
  1. defective metabolism of a substance
  2. metabolic disease
  3. high levels of a substance in the diet
  4. infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 2 common examples of defective metabolism causing urolithiasis?

A
  1. uric acid in dalmations
  2. cystine in dogs and cats due to defective proximal tubular resorption from GF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 common types of calculi formed due to metabolic diseases?

A
  1. calcium oxalate - hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia
  2. ammonium biruate - severe/chronic liver disease/portosystemic shunts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 common examples of high levels of substances in the diet causing urolithiasis?

A
  1. silicic acid in native pastures (ruminants)
  2. mineral imbalance (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of urolith is commonly formed in response to infection? How is it typically formed?

A

struvite in dogs and cats

ureases from Staph/Proteus induces supersaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 other minor causes of urolithiasis?

A
  1. urinary pH
  2. reduced water intake
  3. urine supersaturation
  4. foreign body (suture, grass awn, catheter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the gender, species, and dog breed predilection for urolithiasis?

A

male > females, especially castrated individuals

cattle, sheep, dogs, cats > horses, pigs

Dachshunds, Dalmatians, Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, Poodles, Schnauzers, small terriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are uroliths difficult to determine by gross observation?

A

color and shape vary and may be inconsistent, even among calculi of similar composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the common sites of lodgment of urethral calculi in cattle, rams, dogs, and cats?

A

CATTLE: ischial arch and proximal end of the sigmoid flexure
RAMS: urethral process (veniform appendage)
DOGS: proximal base of the os penis
CATS: entire length of the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 3 things happen at the site of calculi lodgment? What does this cause?

A
  1. local pressure necrosis
  2. ulceration of the mucosa
  3. acute hemorrhagic urethritis/cystitis

hematuria, dysuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nephrolith, goat:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bladder stones, dog:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Urethral plug, ram:

A

+ hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hemorrhagic cystitis, dog:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Urolithiasis, cat:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Urolithiasis, Dalmation:

A

urate calculi

21
Q

Urolithiasis, urethral process necrosis:

A
22
Q

What can obstruction of the urethra eventually lead to if it is not managed?

A

rupture of the urethra with accumulation of urine the subcutis

23
Q

Urolithiasis, goat:

A
  • hydroureter (distended)
  • hydronephrosis
  • pyelonephrosis
  • huge urinary bladder
24
Q

What is the main cause of ammonium biurate crystal urolithiasis? How does this happen?

A

acquired portosystemic shunts due to severe, chronic liver disease

  • hepatic fibrosis compresses portal veins causing hypertension
  • since blood cannot reach the liver, new blood vessels form from the portal vein to connect to the vena cava
  • this allows blood to bypass the liver, leaving ammonia un-metabolized and able to accumulate in the urine
25
Q

What are the 4 normal antibacterial properties of the bladder?

A
  1. repeated voiding
  2. protective urothelial mucus coating
  3. mucosal IgA
  4. high urea and organic acids
26
Q

What are 3 risk factors for cystitis?

A
  1. stagnation of urine
  2. incomplete voiding (common in spinal cord lesions)
  3. urothelial trauma
27
Q

What are 4 causes of cystitis?

A
  1. bacterial infection (females!)
  2. chemicals (cyclophosphamide)
  3. urolithiasis (obstruction)
  4. trauma
28
Q

What enteric bacterial commonly cause cystitis? What are the specific renal pathogens of cattle, pigs, and horses?

A

E. coli > Staphylococcus spp. > Proteus spp. > Klebsiella spp. > Enterococcus spp. > Streptococcus spp.

CATTLE: Corynebacterium renale
PIGS: Actinobacillus suis
HORSES: Klebsiella spp.

29
Q

What is a common chemical cause of cystitis in horses?

A

Blister beetle infestation in alfalfa hay, which produce cantharidin that is toxic to the epithelium and causes ulcerative and hemorrhagic cystits

30
Q

What is a common chemical cause of cystitis in dogs and cats?

A

cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy/immunosuppressant, is able to cause ulcerative and hemorrhagic cystitis

31
Q

What are the 3 major causes of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?

A
  1. feline idiopathic interstitial cystitis***
  2. infection
  3. urolith/urethral obstruction
32
Q

What are 6 risk factors for developing feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?

A
  1. middle-aged neutered cats
  2. overweight cats that undergo little exercise
  3. cats with little to no access outside
  4. dry diet
  5. multiple animal household
  6. STRESS
33
Q

Feline lower urinary tract disease:

A

huge, red, hemorrhagic bladder

34
Q

Feline lower urinary tract disease, bladder:

A
35
Q

Feline lower urinary tract disease, urethral plug:

A
36
Q

How is chronic cystitis classified? What are the 2 major types?

A

based on pattern and type of inflammatory response

  1. FOLLICULAR: disseminated submucosal lymphoid nodules
  2. POLYPOID: polyps composed of connective tissue mixed with mononuclear cells (must be differentiated from tumors)
37
Q

How does emphysematous cystitis appear grossly? What is it commonly associated with?

A

multiple, small, clear, air-filled bulla in the mucosa of the urinary bladder

diabetes mellitus - glucosuria supports the growth of glucose-fermenting bacteria

38
Q

What are 3 major neoplasms of the urinary bladder?

A
  1. transitional cell carcinomas - dogs > cats
  2. transitional cell carcinomas, hemangiomas, and hemangiosarcomas in cattles due to chronic Bracken fern poisoning
  3. botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma - young large breed dogs
39
Q

What are the most common sites of transitional cell carcinoma? What dogs are predisposed? What is the metastatic ability of this type of neoplasm?

A

bladder neck and trigone

older dogs, Scottish Terrier

40% of these tumors have metastasized to the lymph nodes, lungs, and bone by the time of clinical diagnosis

40
Q

What are the 4 classifications of transitional cell carcinoma?

A
  1. papillary and non-infiltrating - no invasion of the stroma (better prognosis)
  2. papillary and infiltrating - most common
  3. non-papillary and non-infiltrating - carcinoma in-situ
  4. non-papillary and infiltrating - most common to metastasize
41
Q

TCC with unilateral hydronephrosis:

A
42
Q

TCC, papillary vs. non-papillary:

A
43
Q

Diffuse TCC:

A
44
Q

What is botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma? What dogs are predisposed? What does it commonly cause?

A

grape-like neoplasm arising from the trigone or bladder neck from embryonic myoblasts

young, large breed dogs —> St. Bernards overrepresented

obstruction
- one case of hypertrophic osteopathy

45
Q

Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma:

A
  • young dogs
  • St. Bernard!
  • trigone, bladder neck
46
Q

What causes enzootic hematuria? What is its toxic principle?

A

chronic ingestion of Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle

Ptaquiloside, a carcinogenic and immunosuppressive toxin, leaving the cattle prone to BPV-2 infection

47
Q

What does the toxin from Bracken fern cause?

A
  • papilloma formation
  • TCC
  • hemangiomas
  • hemangiosarcomas
  • HEMATURIA
48
Q

Enzootic hematuria:

A
  • Bracken fern (Ptaquiloside)
  • papillomas
  • hemangioma/sarcoma
  • TCC
49
Q

Enzootic hematuria, TCC:

A

+ ulceration
Bracken fern!

Systemic Pathology I (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions