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Immunity > Pathology II > Flashcards

Pathology II Flashcards

1
Q

Genetically programmed like apoptosis and morphologically/biochemically resembles necrosis

A

Necroptosis

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2
Q

However, in necroptosis, we do not have any

A

Caspase activation

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3
Q

The typical ligand for necroptosis is

A

TNFR1

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4
Q

Ligation then recruits

A

RIP1 and RIP3

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5
Q

Terminal events include membrane permeabilization, ROS, mitochondria damage, decreased ATP

A

Necroptosis

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6
Q

A survival mechanism under stress conditions, especially nutrient deprivation

A

Autophagy

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7
Q

Selective and regulated by greater than a dozen proteins

A

Autophagy

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8
Q

The result of a progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage due to the effects of exposure to exogenous influences

A

Cellular aging

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9
Q

Damage directly to DNA

–Decreasing effectivity of DNA repair enzymes
–Possible contribution of free radical insults

A

Accumulating DNA damage

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10
Q

Cellular aging shows a reduced capacity of the cell to

A

Divide

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11
Q

This reduced capacity to divide is the result of progressive shortening of telomere ends without activation of

A

Telomerase to repair them

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12
Q

Reduced translation of proteins and defective activity of chaperones, proteasomes, and repair enzymes

A

Defective protein homeostasis seen in cellular aging

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13
Q

Some environmental stresses counteract aging. An example of this is a

A

30% reduction in calories

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14
Q

rare disease that causes premature aging

A

Progeria

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15
Q

The most common cause of death in progeria

A

Atherosclerosis

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16
Q

A genetic disease, but it usually occurs sporadically and does not run in families

A

Progeria

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17
Q

Unlike some other diseases of premature aging that are due to problems with DNA repair, such as Werner syndrome, progeria is due to a mutation in the gene coding for

A

Prelamin A

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18
Q

The mutation destroys a recognition site for an enzyme that ordinarily cleaves the protein to produce

A

Lamin A

19
Q

In progeria, Prelamin A accumulates in the membrane and causes

A

Nuclear blebbing

20
Q

Inadequate removal or normal substances or the accumulation of an abnormal endogenous substance are types of

A

Intracellular Accumulations

21
Q

An example of inadequate removal of a normal substance is

A

Hepatic fatty change

22
Q

An example of accumulation of an abnormal endogenous substance is

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin disease

23
Q

Inherited enzyme deficiency => undegraded metabolite. An example of this is

A

Storage disorders

24
Q

Accumulation of undegradable abnormal exogenous substance can occur. An example of such a source is

A

Carbon

25
Q

Multiple foci of metastatic calcification are present in the lamina propria of the stomach in a patient with

A

Chronic renal failure

26
Q

What are two types of calcification?

A

Metastatic and Dystrophic

27
Q

In cytomegalovirus infection, the fact that the tissue was previously injured means that the calcification is

A

Dystrophic

28
Q

Seen in areas of necrosis

-normocalcemic and intra/extracellular

A

Dystrophic calcification

29
Q

Normal tissues – Tissues that lose acid and thus are alkaline experience

A

Metastatic Calcification

30
Q

Metastatic calcification is characterized by

A

Hypercalcemia

31
Q

Dystrophic calcification is characterized by

A

Normocalcemia

32
Q

X-rays and gamma rays with high energy neutrons, alpha particles, and beta particles

A

Ionizing radiation

33
Q

Systems that are highly sensitive to radiation are mainly organs with high rate of

A

Turnover

34
Q

Radiation injury to hematopoietic/lymphoid tissue causes

A

Acute nodal tissue loss and cytopenias

35
Q

Radiation injury to the gonads causes

A

Sterility

36
Q

Radiation injury can cause vascular damage leading to fibrosis and

A

Chronic ischemic atrophy

37
Q

Fatty change (steatosis) has a number of etiologies, including

A

Hypoxia, toxins, and protein malnutrition

38
Q

In alcoholic steatosis the fat droplets are microvesicular at first, but they become macrovesicular with chronic

A

Ethanol ingestion

39
Q

Results from increased lipid synthesis, faulty lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and increased peripheral fat catabolism

A

Alcoholic Steatosis

40
Q

Blood alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde in the liver mainly by

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

41
Q

Decrease in NAD+ and an increase in NADH => impaired hepatic fatty acid oxidation =>

A

Fatty liver

42
Q

Acute alcoholism affects mainly the CNS plus reversible gastric and hepatic

A

Injuries

43
Q

One of the more common primary malignancies of lung and are most often seen in smokers

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

44
Q

Causes addiction and acute cardiovascular stimulation

A

Nicotine

Immunity (33 decks)

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