Pathology II

Question 1

Genetically programmed like apoptosis and morphologically/biochemically resembles necrosis

Answer 1

Necroptosis

Question 2

However, in necroptosis, we do not have any

Answer 2

Caspase activation

Question 3

The typical ligand for necroptosis is

Answer 3

TNFR1

Question 4

Ligation then recruits

Answer 4

RIP1 and RIP3

Question 5

Terminal events include membrane permeabilization, ROS, mitochondria damage, decreased ATP

Answer 5

Necroptosis

Question 6

A survival mechanism under stress conditions, especially nutrient deprivation

Answer 6

Autophagy

Question 7

Selective and regulated by greater than a dozen proteins

Answer 7

Autophagy

Question 8

The result of a progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage due to the effects of exposure to exogenous influences

Answer 8

Cellular aging

Question 9

Damage directly to DNA

–Decreasing effectivity of DNA repair enzymes
–Possible contribution of free radical insults

Answer 9

Accumulating DNA damage

Question 10

Cellular aging shows a reduced capacity of the cell to

Answer 10

Divide

Question 11

This reduced capacity to divide is the result of progressive shortening of telomere ends without activation of

Answer 11

Telomerase to repair them

Question 12

Reduced translation of proteins and defective activity of chaperones, proteasomes, and repair enzymes

Answer 12

Defective protein homeostasis seen in cellular aging

Question 13

Some environmental stresses counteract aging. An example of this is a

Answer 13

30% reduction in calories

Question 14

rare disease that causes premature aging

Answer 14

Progeria

Question 15

The most common cause of death in progeria

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis

Question 16

A genetic disease, but it usually occurs sporadically and does not run in families

Answer 16

Progeria

Question 17

Unlike some other diseases of premature aging that are due to problems with DNA repair, such as Werner syndrome, progeria is due to a mutation in the gene coding for

Answer 17

Prelamin A

Question 18

The mutation destroys a recognition site for an enzyme that ordinarily cleaves the protein to produce

Answer 18

Lamin A

Question 19

In progeria, Prelamin A accumulates in the membrane and causes

Answer 19

Nuclear blebbing

Question 20

Inadequate removal or normal substances or the accumulation of an abnormal endogenous substance are types of

Answer 20

Intracellular Accumulations

Question 21

An example of inadequate removal of a normal substance is

Answer 21

Hepatic fatty change

Question 22

An example of accumulation of an abnormal endogenous substance is

Answer 22

Alpha-1 antitrypsin disease

Question 23

Inherited enzyme deficiency => undegraded metabolite. An example of this is

Answer 23

Storage disorders

Question 24

Accumulation of undegradable abnormal exogenous substance can occur. An example of such a source is

Answer 24

Carbon

Question 25

Multiple foci of metastatic calcification are present in the lamina propria of the stomach in a patient with

Answer 25

Chronic renal failure

Question 26

What are two types of calcification?

Answer 26

Metastatic and Dystrophic

Question 27

In cytomegalovirus infection, the fact that the tissue was previously injured means that the calcification is

Answer 27

Dystrophic

Question 28

Seen in areas of necrosis -normocalcemic and intra/extracellular

Answer 28

Dystrophic calcification

Question 29

Normal tissues – Tissues that lose acid and thus are alkaline experience

Answer 29

Metastatic Calcification

Question 30

Metastatic calcification is characterized by

Answer 30

Hypercalcemia

Question 31

Dystrophic calcification is characterized by

Answer 31

Normocalcemia

Question 32

X-rays and gamma rays with high energy neutrons, alpha particles, and beta particles

Answer 32

Ionizing radiation

Question 33

Systems that are highly sensitive to radiation are mainly organs with high rate of

Answer 33

Turnover

Question 34

Radiation injury to hematopoietic/lymphoid tissue causes

Answer 34

Acute nodal tissue loss and cytopenias

Question 35

Radiation injury to the gonads causes

Answer 35

Sterility

Question 36

Radiation injury can cause vascular damage leading to fibrosis and

Answer 36

Chronic ischemic atrophy

Question 37

Fatty change (steatosis) has a number of etiologies, including

Answer 37

Hypoxia, toxins, and protein malnutrition

Question 38

In alcoholic steatosis the fat droplets are microvesicular at first, but they become macrovesicular with chronic

Answer 38

Ethanol ingestion

Question 39

Results from increased lipid synthesis, faulty lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and increased peripheral fat catabolism

Answer 39

Alcoholic Steatosis

Question 40

Blood alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde in the liver mainly by

Answer 40

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 41

Decrease in NAD+ and an increase in NADH => impaired hepatic fatty acid oxidation =>

Answer 41

Fatty liver

Question 42

Acute alcoholism affects mainly the CNS plus reversible gastric and hepatic

Answer 42

Injuries

Question 43

One of the more common primary malignancies of lung and are most often seen in smokers

Answer 43

Squamous cell carcinomas

Question 44

Causes addiction and acute cardiovascular stimulation

Answer 44

Nicotine