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Cytokines and Cytokine Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins that are synthesized and secreted in response to external stimuli

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

When one cytokine has different effects on many cell types it is called

A

Pleiotropic

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3
Q

When different cytokines have the same or overlapping effects, they are called

A

Redundant

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4
Q

May depend on time of exposure and concentration of cytokine

A

Pleiotropy

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5
Q

A cytokine can have different effects on different

A

Cell types

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6
Q

Cytokines acting on hepatocytes causes synthesis of acute phase

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Cytokines acting on osteoclasts causes

A

Bone Reabsorption

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8
Q

Cytokines acting on neutrophils causes increased adhesion to

A

Endothelium

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9
Q

Often based on historical accident of discovery (e.g., TNF)

A

Cytokine nomenclature

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10
Q

Generally, signals between WBCs

A

Interleukin (IL-n)

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11
Q

Play a role in development in formation of the immune system

–Stimulation of cell production, proliferation, differentiation

A

Cytokines

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12
Q

Cytokines also function in the day-to-day function of the immune system; targeting cells to immune tissues for formation and organization. I.e. cytokines function in

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

Cytokines also function in response to

A

Infections and inflammation

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14
Q

What are the two major classes of cytokines?

A
  1. ) Cytokines

2. ) Chemokines

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15
Q

Generally soluble proteins, ≥18 kD (a few have membrane-bound forms)

-Signal through receptors coupled to protein kinases

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

Cytokines stimulate growth, differentiation, defensive capacity of

A

Immune system cells

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17
Q

Produce local and systemic manifestations of infection and disease

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

Smaller (8-10 kD) and signal through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A

Chemokines

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19
Q

Cytokines signal through

A

Protein kinases

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20
Q

Chemokines signal through

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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21
Q

Attract inflammatory and other effector cells to site of chemokine production; cellular activation; developmental targeting of cells to organs

A

Chemokines

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22
Q

Induced, and produced transiently, when and where needed

A

Cytokines

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23
Q

Unregulated or chronic production of cytokines can cause

A

Damage

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24
Q

Act through specific cell-surface receptor proteins

A

Cytokines

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25
Binding of cytokines to receptors initiates intracellular signaling → changes (↑,↓) in
Transcription
26
Each cell type may undergo several types of changes; different cell types (or cells at different states of differentiation) respond according to their unique programming -This is called
Pleiotropy
27
An example of a cytokine is Type I (III) interferons, which provide
Antiviral protection
28
Example of cytokines that function in inflamation
IL-1/TNF-α
29
Function in antiviral defense
Type I interferons
30
The gene clusters for type I interferons are located on chromosome
9
31
Are generally co-expressed
Type I interferons
32
What are the receptors for type I interferons?
IFNAR
33
Used to treat hepatitis B and C, and genital warts
IFN-α
34
IFN-β is used to treat
Multiple Sclerosis
35
The downside of treatment with type I IFN is that it may lead to
Lupus
36
Includes most other molecules with designation of IL-x (except IL-8, a chemokine)
Inerleukins
37
Can be grouped into families that interact with receptors that are evolutionary families -Receptors have 2-3 polypeptide chains (α,β,γ)
Interleukins
38
Interleukin receptors activate
Protein Kinases
39
What are the three main γ chain interleukins?
IL-2, 4, and 15
40
What are the two β chain interleukins?
GM-CSF and IL-5
41
The IL-6 receptor family contains a common gp130 subunit and contains the interleukins
IL-6, 11, and 27
42
A mutation in γc → X-SCID causes a
Block in T and NK cells with normal B cells
43
Jak stands for Janus kinases. Which Jak ios specific for leukocytes?
Jak3
44
When cytokines bind receptors, the receptor dimerizes and the receptor chains are phosphorylated by
Jak
45
Jak then mediates phosphorylation and dimerization of
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)
46
STAT is then translocated into the nucleus where is binds the promoter and promotes
Transcription
47
What are the two inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1 and TNF-α
48
A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the initial insult
Inflammation
49
Fights infection and repairs damage
Local inflammation
50
Initiates and coordinates the bodies defenses
Systemic inflammation
51
Cells and molecules of host defense reside in tissues and
Circulate
52
Goal of inflammation: to bring appropriate actors to site of infection or
Tissue damage
53
Produces the signs and symptoms of infection
Inflammation
54
What are the three types of inflammation?
Acute, Chronic, and Systemic
55
Acute inflammation is a rapid onset, is of short duration, and we see infiltration by
Neutrophils
56
Chronic inflammation is slow and long-lasting, and we see infiltration by?
Mononuclear cells (Lymphocytes and monocytes)
57
Can be produced by many cell types –Monocytes/macrophages are major producers, esp. in response to bacteria
IL-1 and TNF (also IL-6)
58
Affects of IL-1 and TNF (and also IL-6) depend on the level and persistence of
Production
59
Promotes local inflammation; stimulates body’s response to damage or infection
Low level of IL-1, TNF, IL-6
60
Can cause shock, disseminated intravascular blood coagulation (DIC), death
High level of IL-1, TNF, IL-6
61
Causes weight loss (cachexia), loss of connective tissue and bone
Chronic levels of IL-1, TNF, IL-6
62
What are the "pro-inflammatory" cytokines?
IL-1, TNF, IL-6
63
May produce many signs & symptoms of illness (pleiotropy)
IL-1/TNF
64
A key cytokine for the proliferation of all T cells
IL-2
65
A family of small proteins (8-10 kDaltons) (>40) -Signals for chemotaxis and “homing” via gradients chemokine concentration
Chemokines
66
Modulate cell adhesion
Chemokines
67
Signal through GPCR receptors on target cells
Chemokines
68
Chemokines attract circulating lymphocytes into secondary
Lymphoid organs ("leukocyte trafficking")
69
Chemokines within the secondary organs, attract 1. ) T cells to? 2. ) TH and B cells into?
1. ) APCs | 2. ) Follicles
70
During development, attract precursor cells, released from bone marrow into blood, into secondary organs
Chemokines
71
Structural family relationships based on the pattern of cysteines that occur in their structure
New Chemokine nomenclature
72
1 cysteine bridge
C Chemokines
73
2 adjacent Cys
CC Chemokines
74
2 Cys separated by 1 a.a
CXC
75
2 Cys separated by 3 a.a.
CX3X
76
As with the families of interleukins and their receptors, there was co-evolution of chemokines and
Receptors
77
Can be modified by cell maturation, differentiation, cytokine action, etc
Receptor Expression
78
Provides a highly sensitive response system for cells involved in immunity and inflammation
Chemokine/Receptor Expression
79
Expressed by: Macrophages, endo/epithelial cells -Targets: Neutrophils, endothelial cells, keratinocyes, mast cells
IL-8 and CXCL8
80
IL-8/CXCL8 is expressed by
Macrophages and endo/epithelial cells
81
IL-8/CXCL8 targets?
Neutrophils, Keratinocytes, and Mast cells
82
The dominant receptor for HIV is the -On T and other cells
CD4 proteins
83
Sufficient for viral attachment to cells, but not for infection
CD4
84
Either of which two chemokine receptors, together with CD4 permit productive infection
CXCR4 (on T cells) and CCR5 (on macrophages and some T cells)
85
Individuals with certain mutations in CCR5 are resistant to
HIV infection

Immunity (33 decks)

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