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Immunity > Cytokines and Cytokine Signaling > Flashcards

Cytokines and Cytokine Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins that are synthesized and secreted in response to external stimuli

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

When one cytokine has different effects on many cell types it is called

A

Pleiotropic

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3
Q

When different cytokines have the same or overlapping effects, they are called

A

Redundant

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4
Q

May depend on time of exposure and concentration of cytokine

A

Pleiotropy

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5
Q

A cytokine can have different effects on different

A

Cell types

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6
Q

Cytokines acting on hepatocytes causes synthesis of acute phase

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Cytokines acting on osteoclasts causes

A

Bone Reabsorption

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8
Q

Cytokines acting on neutrophils causes increased adhesion to

A

Endothelium

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9
Q

Often based on historical accident of discovery (e.g., TNF)

A

Cytokine nomenclature

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10
Q

Generally, signals between WBCs

A

Interleukin (IL-n)

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11
Q

Play a role in development in formation of the immune system

–Stimulation of cell production, proliferation, differentiation

A

Cytokines

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12
Q

Cytokines also function in the day-to-day function of the immune system; targeting cells to immune tissues for formation and organization. I.e. cytokines function in

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

Cytokines also function in response to

A

Infections and inflammation

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14
Q

What are the two major classes of cytokines?

A
  1. ) Cytokines

2. ) Chemokines

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15
Q

Generally soluble proteins, ≥18 kD (a few have membrane-bound forms)

-Signal through receptors coupled to protein kinases

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

Cytokines stimulate growth, differentiation, defensive capacity of

A

Immune system cells

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17
Q

Produce local and systemic manifestations of infection and disease

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

Smaller (8-10 kD) and signal through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A

Chemokines

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19
Q

Cytokines signal through

A

Protein kinases

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20
Q

Chemokines signal through

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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21
Q

Attract inflammatory and other effector cells to site of chemokine production; cellular activation; developmental targeting of cells to organs

A

Chemokines

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22
Q

Induced, and produced transiently, when and where needed

A

Cytokines

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23
Q

Unregulated or chronic production of cytokines can cause

A

Damage

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24
Q

Act through specific cell-surface receptor proteins

A

Cytokines

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25
Q

Binding of cytokines to receptors initiates intracellular signaling → changes (↑,↓) in

A

Transcription

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26
Q

Each cell type may undergo several types of changes; different cell types (or cells at different states of differentiation) respond according to their unique programming

-This is called

A

Pleiotropy

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27
Q

An example of a cytokine is Type I (III) interferons, which provide

A

Antiviral protection

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28
Q

Example of cytokines that function in inflamation

A

IL-1/TNF-α

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29
Q

Function in antiviral defense

A

Type I interferons

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30
Q

The gene clusters for type I interferons are located on chromosome

A

9

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31
Q

Are generally co-expressed

A

Type I interferons

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32
Q

What are the receptors for type I interferons?

A

IFNAR

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33
Q

Used to treat hepatitis B and C, and genital warts

A

IFN-α

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34
Q

IFN-β is used to treat

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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35
Q

The downside of treatment with type I IFN is that it may lead to

36
Q

Includes most other molecules with designation of IL-x (except IL-8, a chemokine)

A

Inerleukins

37
Q

Can be grouped into families that interact with receptors that are evolutionary families

-Receptors have 2-3 polypeptide chains (α,β,γ)

A

Interleukins

38
Q

Interleukin receptors activate

A

Protein Kinases

39
Q

What are the three main γ chain interleukins?

A

IL-2, 4, and 15

40
Q

What are the two β chain interleukins?

A

GM-CSF and IL-5

41
Q

The IL-6 receptor family contains a common gp130 subunit and contains the interleukins

A

IL-6, 11, and 27

42
Q

A mutation in γc → X-SCID causes a

A

Block in T and NK cells with normal B cells

43
Q

Jak stands for Janus kinases. Which Jak ios specific for leukocytes?

44
Q

When cytokines bind receptors, the receptor dimerizes and the receptor chains are phosphorylated by

45
Q

Jak then mediates phosphorylation and dimerization of

A

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)

46
Q

STAT is then translocated into the nucleus where is binds the promoter and promotes

A

Transcription

47
Q

What are the two inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1 and TNF-α

48
Q

A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the initial insult

A

Inflammation

49
Q

Fights infection and repairs damage

A

Local inflammation

50
Q

Initiates and coordinates the bodies defenses

A

Systemic inflammation

51
Q

Cells and molecules of host defense reside in tissues and

52
Q

Goal of inflammation: to bring appropriate actors to site of infection or

A

Tissue damage

53
Q

Produces the signs and symptoms of infection

A

Inflammation

54
Q

What are the three types of inflammation?

A

Acute, Chronic, and Systemic

55
Q

Acute inflammation is a rapid onset, is of short duration, and we see infiltration by

A

Neutrophils

56
Q

Chronic inflammation is slow and long-lasting, and we see infiltration by?

A

Mononuclear cells (Lymphocytes and monocytes)

57
Q

Can be produced by many cell types

–Monocytes/macrophages are major producers, esp. in response to bacteria

A

IL-1 and TNF (also IL-6)

58
Q

Affects of IL-1 and TNF (and also IL-6) depend on the level and persistence of

A

Production

59
Q

Promotes local inflammation; stimulates body’s response to damage or infection

A

Low level of IL-1, TNF, IL-6

60
Q

Can cause shock, disseminated intravascular blood coagulation (DIC), death

A

High level of IL-1, TNF, IL-6

61
Q

Causes weight loss (cachexia), loss of connective tissue and bone

A

Chronic levels of IL-1, TNF, IL-6

62
Q

What are the “pro-inflammatory” cytokines?

A

IL-1, TNF, IL-6

63
Q

May produce many signs & symptoms of illness (pleiotropy)

64
Q

A key cytokine for the proliferation of all T cells

65
Q

A family of small proteins (8-10 kDaltons) (>40)

-Signals for chemotaxis and “homing” via gradients chemokine concentration

A

Chemokines

66
Q

Modulate cell adhesion

A

Chemokines

67
Q

Signal through GPCR receptors on target cells

A

Chemokines

68
Q

Chemokines attract circulating lymphocytes into secondary

A

Lymphoid organs (“leukocyte trafficking”)

69
Q

Chemokines within the secondary organs, attract

  1. ) T cells to?
  2. ) TH and B cells into?
A
  1. ) APCs

2. ) Follicles

70
Q

During development, attract precursor cells, released from bone marrow into blood, into secondary organs

A

Chemokines

71
Q

Structural family relationships based on the pattern of cysteines that occur in their structure

A

New Chemokine nomenclature

72
Q

1 cysteine bridge

A

C Chemokines

73
Q

2 adjacent Cys

A

CC Chemokines

74
Q

2 Cys separated by 1 a.a

75
Q

2 Cys separated by 3 a.a.

76
Q

As with the families of interleukins and their receptors, there was co-evolution of chemokines and

77
Q

Can be modified by cell maturation, differentiation, cytokine action, etc

A

Receptor Expression

78
Q

Provides a highly sensitive response system for cells involved in immunity and inflammation

A

Chemokine/Receptor Expression

79
Q

Expressed by: Macrophages, endo/epithelial cells

-Targets: Neutrophils, endothelial cells, keratinocyes, mast cells

A

IL-8 and CXCL8

80
Q

IL-8/CXCL8 is expressed by

A

Macrophages and endo/epithelial cells

81
Q

IL-8/CXCL8 targets?

A

Neutrophils, Keratinocytes, and Mast cells

82
Q

The dominant receptor for HIV is the

-On T and other cells

A

CD4 proteins

83
Q

Sufficient for viral attachment to cells, but not for infection

84
Q

Either of which two chemokine receptors, together with CD4 permit productive infection

A

CXCR4 (on T cells) and CCR5 (on macrophages and some T cells)

85
Q

Individuals with certain mutations in CCR5 are resistant to

A

HIV infection

Immunity (33 decks)

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