Intro to Immunity

Question 1

Protection of one organism against another, elimination or control of the offending organism, and setting up conditions to prevent the offending organism from causing more problems

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

Network of many different types of proteins, cells, tissues, and organs

Answer 2

Immune System

Question 3

What are two major roles of the immune system?

Answer 3

Combating pathogens and combating cancer

Question 4

Disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, and prions

Answer 4

Pathogens

Question 5

Aberrant, uncontrolled cell growth gene mutations

Answer 5

Cancer

Question 6

Proteins that can specifically bind pathogens

-immune system can made a trillions

Answer 6

Detectors

Question 7

The main question that the immune system must answer is, is this cell/tissue/protein

Answer 7

Self or not self

Question 8

Uninfected, healthy, normal

Answer 8

Self

Question 9

Viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasites, and cells that are infected by these pathogens and diseased cells (i.e. cancer)

Answer 9

Non-self

Question 10

The destruction of healthy tissues, leading to nasty diseases

Answer 10

Autoimmunity

Question 11

What is an example of autoimmunity?

Answer 11

Type 1 diabetes

Question 12

Attack and kill insulin producing B cells resulting in type 1 diabetes

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T cells

Question 13

The term antigen is derived form which two words?

Answer 13

Antibody and generator

Question 14

Most antigens are

Answer 14

Proteins or large polysaccharides

Question 15

Often a component of invading microbes, such as the capsule, cell wall, flagella, toxin

Answer 15

Antigens

Question 16

An antigen elicits an immune response it is often referred to as a

Answer 16

Immunogen

Question 17

The reactive portion of the antigen that reacts chemically with an antibody to form the antigen-antibody complex or immune complex

Answer 17

Epitope

Question 18

Not all antigens are derived from

Answer 18

Pathogens

Question 19

Overexpressed, miss-expressed or mutated proteins can be antigens in

Answer 19

Cancer

Question 20

Antigens found in autologous tumor Tumor cells can express altered versions of normal proteins due to

Answer 20

Genetic mutations

Question 21

Bind to distinct antigen epitopes

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

The portion of the antibody that is different for every antibody

Answer 22

Variable regions

Question 23

Antibodies are made up of

Answer 23

Heavy chains and light chains

Question 24

Antigen binds to a region of the antibody formed from the association of the

Answer 24

Variable light (VL) chain and variable heavy (VH) chain

Question 25

Antibodies are the secreted version of the

Answer 25

B cell antigen receptor (BCR)

Question 26

Have an overall structure that is similar to the BCR

Answer 26

T cell antigen receptor (TCR)

Question 27

The TCR is NOT secreted like an

Answer 27

Antibody

Question 28

The antigen binding site is highly variable on a

Answer 28

TCR

Question 29

There are trillions of different

Answer 29

TCRs

Question 30

TCR and BCR genes are generated by

Answer 30

V to J somatic recombination

Question 31

What are the two types of immunological tolerance?

Answer 31

Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance

Question 32

Removal of self reactive clones

Answer 32

Central tolerance

Question 33

Occurs in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells)

Answer 33

Central Tolerance

Question 34

Composed of ignorance, anergy, and suppression

Answer 34

Peripheral tolerance

Question 35

Hide your self antigens

Answer 35

Ignorance

Question 36

Shut down the self reactive clones

Answer 36

Anergy

Question 37

Use other molecules, proteins or cells to keep the self reactive clones in check

Answer 37

Suppression

Question 38

Effector T cells and antibodies persist for weeks after exposure to antigen. This is called

Answer 38

Protective immunity

Question 39

The second exposure to the same antigen produces a

Answer 39

Much faster response

Question 40

This faster second response is referred to as

Answer 40

Immunological memory

Question 41

Part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph

Answer 41

Lymphatic System

Question 42

There are tissues and organs that are designed and located to convey antigens into contact with

Answer 42

Lymphocytes

Question 43

Before returning to circulation, lymph is filtered by

Answer 43

Lymph nodes

Question 44

What are the three types of cells that lymph contains?

Answer 44

T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells

Question 45

Primary sites for immune system activation

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Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 46

Cells of the immune system develop from a common progenitor called the

Answer 46

Hematopoetic stem cell

Question 47

B cells develop in the

Answer 47

Bone marrow

Question 48

Develop in the thymus

Answer 48

T cells

Question 49

Cell membrane molecules that are used to classify leukocytes into subsets

Answer 49

Cluster of Differentiation (CD)

Question 50

Defined or classified by the reference monoclonal antibodies to which they bind

Answer 50

CD molecules

Question 51

There are many clusters of differentiation; many cells express more than one

Answer 51

CD marker

Question 52

A phenotypic characterization of a cell of hematopoietic origin may be made by examining the pattern of

Answer 52

CD markers

Question 53

Following maturity, migrate to various lymphoid organs where they await contact with antigens

Answer 53

T lymphocytes (T Cells)

Question 54

The basis for cell-mediated immunity q

Answer 54

T cells

Question 55

Can kill infected cells or can help activate other cells (B cells and macrophages)

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T cells

Question 56

Antibody producing cells that respond to an antigen stimulation (humeral response)

Answer 56

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 57

Can provide protective immunity for decades

Answer 57

Antibodies

Question 58

Develop in bone marrow, but specific functions are often acquired later within tissues

Answer 58

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 59

Have differing microscopic appearances but they are grouped together as the mononuclear phagocytic system

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Macrophages and Dendritic cells

Question 60

Macrophages and dendritic cells have a variety of functions including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, and

Answer 60

Antigen presentation

Question 61

Cells must be “tagged” as infected to activate the

Answer 61

Adaptive immune system

Question 62

This "tag" is a

Answer 62

MHC bound to fragments of antigen

Question 63

MHC class I antigens are targeted to

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CD8 T cells (Killer T cells)

Question 64

MHC class II antigens are targeted to

Answer 64

CD4 T cells (Helper T cells)

Question 65

Pathogen detector expressed by T cells

Answer 65

TCR

Question 66

The most important Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are

Answer 66

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Question 67

Can directly kill virus-infected cells or can help the immune defense capabilities of other cells

Answer 67

T cells

Question 68

Loaded with peptides taken up by phagocytosis

Answer 68

MHC II

Question 69

Loaded with peptides made inside the cell

Answer 69

MH I

Question 70

Capable of destroying other cells, particularly viruses-infected cells and tumor cells -do not express TCR or BCR

Answer 70

Natural Killer Cells

Question 71

Natural Killer cells do not express

Answer 71

TCR or BCR

Question 72

Natural killer cells an attack

Answer 72

Large parasites

Question 73

Defend the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids

Answer 73

B cells

Question 74

B cells defend the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids. This process is called

Answer 74

Humoral Immunity

Question 75

Defend the body against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

Answer 75

T cells

Question 76

T cells defend the body against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. This process is called

Answer 76

Cell-mediated Immunity

Question 77

Function in nonspecific immunity such as that seen with bacteria entering a wound

Answer 77

Phagocytes

Question 78

Have phagocytic receptors that bind microbes and their components

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Macrophages

Question 79

Bound material is then internalized in phagosomes and broken down into

Answer 79

Phagolysosomes

Question 80

Will not activate the immune response. They must be mixed with adjuvants

Answer 80

"Clean" Pathogens

Question 81

An agent that stimulates the immune system and, for example increases the response to a vaccine, but does not have a specific antigenic effect in of itself

Answer 81

Adjuvant

Question 82

Components of the pathogens are recognized by

Answer 82

Pattern recognition receptors

Question 83

Germline encoded receptors that bind pathogen specific antigens, such as LPS

Answer 83

Adjuvants

Question 84

Activation via these receptors precedes activation of the

Answer 84

Adaptive immune response (T and B cells)

Question 85

Required for innate defense against fungal infection in flies

Answer 85

Toll

Question 86

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize

Answer 86

Pathogens

Question 87

How can we test blood to separate CD4, CD8, and other immune components

Answer 87

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) i.e. flow cytometry

Question 88

The basis for the smallpox vaccine is that smollpox viruses share some surface antigens with

Answer 88

Cowpox

Question 89

Immunization with cowpox induces antibodies against

Answer 89

Cowpox surface antigens

Question 90

Cowpox antibodies are then able to bind and neutralize

Answer 90

Smallpox virus