pathology Examplify Flashcards
role of nucleolus
site of formation of ribosomal RNA and for the formation of ribosomal subunits
> prominent when there is a high rate of DNA transcription
common neoplasm in HIV positive patients
Kaposi’s sarcoma> vascular neoplasm caused by human herpes virus 8
burketts lymphoma associated with?
EBV infection and malaria
Hodgkins lymphomaassociated with
reed Sternberg cells
anaplastic tumour?
one that is poorly differentiated
characteristic of sarcomas?
commonly metastasise via bloodstream
arrive from connective tissue
define exophytic growth
out from a surface
benign neoplasm
indicates tumour is non invasive
endophytic growth
invasion to surrounding tissue
macroscopic descriptions define:
annular exophytic papillary polypoid sessile
annular= encircling the bowel wall like a ring
exophytic= grow out from the surface into bowel lumen
papillary tumours= have finger like projections
polypoid=. consist of exophytic mass on a stalk
sessile= raised but flat
(bottom three are types of exophytic tumour)
most common cancer in men UK
prostate
tumour marker of ovarian cancer
CA-125
prostate tumour marker
PSA
explain post-hepatic jaundice
cause is after the liver
e.g. prostate cancer compressing the billary tree
>compress the common bile duct, > obstructing flow of bile. The liver will then be unable to excrete the bile it is producing, so the production of bile will stop.
The conjugated bilirubin not able to be excreted in the bile, so will accumulate in the liver and diffuse into the blood, raising the bilirubin levels and causing jaundice.
what happens when prostate cancer metastasises to bone?
causes increased activity of osteoblasts.
>osteosclerotic lesions in the bone
which cancer cause lytic lesions by destroying the bone?
thyroid or lung cancer.
prostate does the OPPOSITE!
Characteristics of Small cell carcinoma of the lung?
rapidly growing and metastasise early
release hormones such as ACTH (lead to cushings)
release parathyroid hormones mostly e.g. ADH as well
characteristics of osteosarcoma
arise in bone
lead to fractures
usually occur in children and teens
what is carcinomatosis?
extensive metastatic disease
Which type of cancer is associated with a mutation in the HER-2 gene?
breast
describes the process of cancer progression?
Accumulation of mutations to tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes
normal function of the p53 gene?
tumour suppressor gene
Apoptosis of damaged cells
Involved in DNA repair
which malignancy doesn’t have a strong association with HIV infection?
acute lymphoblastic lymphoma
what % of cancer risk is due to extrinsic factors (potentially avoidable)
85%
second leading cause of lung cancer?
exposure to radon
> squamous cell carcinoma
formaldehyde associated with which cancers
nose and oropharynx
nitrates associated with which cancers
gastric cancer
T cell leukaemia caused by?
infection with HTLV-1
what is Ewings sarcoma?
sarcoma that affects bones and soft tissues of children and teens
which malignancy is associated with Paget’s disease
osteosarcoma
> due to the high bone turnover. inc chance of genetic abnormalities in osteoblasts
rare!!
gremlin mutation in RB gene predisposition to..?
retinoblastoma bladder lung breast osteosarcoma malignant melanoma
schistosomiasis infection can lead to what cancer?
bladder cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
> eggs of parasite are deposited in the bladder and induce squamous metaplasia of the urothelium
squamous metaplasia progress to carcinoma
what maintains telomere length?
telomerase
> proto oncogenes
two types of tumour suppressor genes?
gatekeeper genes- control cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle
e.g. p53
caretaker genes- maintain integrity of genetic material > DNA repair
e.g. BRACA1 and 2
role of p53
proteins induce apoptosis
