infection extra- sepsis Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body can N. meningitidis be found as part of the normal flora?

A

N. Meningitidis can be found normally in the nasopharynx (nose and throat).

It does not cause any problems here, until it overgrows and enters the bloodstream.

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2
Q

Which of these is the most appropriate empiric antibiotic when treating meningicoccal sepsis

A

Ceftriaxone

because it has good CSF penetration, which is important when treating meningitis.

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3
Q

Which antibiotic is the empiric choice for non-meningococcal suspected sepsis in adults?

A

Meropenem

it is a broad spectrum antibiotic that acts best on gram positive bacteria.

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4
Q

in adults, sepsis is more commonly caused by gram ? pathogens ?

A

in adults, sepsis is more commonly caused by gram positive pathogens.

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5
Q

function of CRP?

A

Opsonin-mediated phagocytosis.

CRP binds to the phosphocoline expressed on the surface of dead/dying cells and some bacteria.

Activates the complement system, promoting phagocytosis by macrophages > clears neurotic and apoptotic cells and bacteria.

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6
Q

why is blood cultures so important in sepsis?

A

must take blood cultures BEFORE ABX treatment!

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7
Q

fever is caused by?

when patient has infection of throat

A

Macrophage-derived Interleukin-6 (cytokine) acting on hypothalamus
(see innate immune lecture)

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8
Q

response of monocytes in regard to bacteria in blood?

A
produce cytokines (IL6, IL1, TNF)
> trigger fever
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9
Q

raised neutrophil count is indicative of which infection?

role of neutrophil?

A

bacterial

neutrophils are main cell that phagocytose (macrophages can also do it)

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10
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae features?

A

gram positive coccus
grows in chains
commonly found in pairs

is a type of alpha streptococcus
>agar plate shows partial haemolysis (alpha) - green colour

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11
Q

what is a phagolysosome?

A

late vesicle when phagosome fuses with lysosome

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12
Q

which test gives the best microbiological answer within 6 hours to help select appropriate ABX?

A

gram stain

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