ESA 2 practise paper Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between anabolism and catabolism

A

Anabolism requires ATP. Catabolism does not

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2
Q

What’s the importance of low energy signals

A

Indicate that cell has inadequate energy levels for its immediate needs so catabolism needs to occur to release energy from fuel molecules

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3
Q

Anabolic processes that TCA cycle provides precursors doe

A

Fa synthesis
Aa synthesis
Haem synthesis
Glucose synthesis

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4
Q

Medial boundary of cubital fossa

A

Pronator teres

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of cubital fossa

A

Brachioradialis

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6
Q

Cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms mediated by the sympathetic NS in hypovolemic shock

A
Vasoconstriction (inc systemic vascular resistance)
Venoconstiction
Inc Sv
Inc renin release
Inc contractility/ force of contraction
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7
Q

Clinical signs of acute ishcaemia of a limb

A
  • pulselessness
  • paraesthesia
  • pallor
  • cold touch
  • paralysis/muscle weakness
  • reduced capillary refil
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8
Q

How does the normal ventricular septum form?

A

Muscular portion grows upwards from floor of ventricles. The membranous portion is derived from endocardial cushions and grows downwards to fuse with muscular portion

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9
Q

Which part of the ventricular septum is most vulnerable to anomalous development?

A

Membranous portion

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10
Q

Causes of left to right shunt

A

Ventricular septal defect

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

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11
Q

Behavioural differences between benign and malignant cells

A

Benign have expansive growth (hyperplasia) whereas malignant have expansive and invasive growth

Benign grow locally whereas malignant metastasise

Benign - retain original function. Malignant less likely to. And can acquire addditional functions due to mutations.

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12
Q

Expected bedside observations of septic patient

A

High resps
Low or normal oxygen
High pulse rate
Low (systolic) blood pressure

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13
Q

Sepsis definition

A

Life threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to infection

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14
Q

Full E. coli name

A

Escherichia coli

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15
Q

Scoring system used to determine likelihood of DVT

A

Wells score

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16
Q

Why are women in late pregnancy predisposed to DVT

A
  • hypercoaguable blood in preg
  • presence of pelvic mass can compress venous outflow from leg > venous stasis
  • patient less mobile > venous stasis
17
Q

Define embolism

A

Blockage of a blood vessel by solid liquid of gas at a site distant from its origin

18
Q

Saddle embolus?

A

A large embolus that straddles the bifurcation of an artery

19
Q

What can embolise?

A
Air
Amniotic fluid
Nitrogen
Medical equipment
Fat/bone marrow
20
Q

How is paracetamol overdose damaging to liver?

A

High levels of paracetamol- normal metabolism pathway saturated so metabolism switches pathway producing toxic product (NAPQI) > direct toxic effect on hepatocytes
> undergoes coagulation with glutathione and depletes the hepatocytes of this important antioxidant

21
Q

Basal metabolic rate define

A

Energy required for the functioning of various tissues of the body at physical,digestive and emotional rest

22
Q

Factors effecting BMR

A
body weight
Gender
Body temp
Thyroid status
Pregnancy
Lactation
23
Q

How are uncoupling proteins involved in heat generation in the body?

A

allow a leak of protons across the membrane
Reduce the proton motivated force so the energy is dissipated as heat rather than ATP
- UCP1 is expressed in brown adipose tissue and involved in thermogenesis

24
Q

Ways in which a C. difficile infection can arise?

A

Hospital acquired infection

Normal bowel commensal> proliferates after abx therapy and altered the balance of bacteria in the intestine

25
Virulence factors of C. difficile that cause diarrhoea
Toxin A - has enterotoxin that causes excessive fluid secretion> acts on intestinal cell wall Toxin B- cytotoxin that damages protein synthesis and cell structure> cytotoxin just a type of exotoxin (released by bacteria into surrounding env)
26
Why are spores able to survive?
Resistant to heat, acid, abx and alcohol based cleansers
27
Posterior dislocation after overflexing hip limb appears in what position?
Shortened and internally rotated
28
Which nerve is most at risk of damage during posterior dislocation of hip?
Sciatic
29
Sequence of vessels from femoral artery to coronary artery
Femoral artery External iliac artery Common iliac artery Aorta
30
Where is the opening of LCA located?
Left aortic sinus | Just above left leaflet of aortic valve
31
Which acute ECG changes are seen if a thrombus occluded the anterior aspect of heart and inter ventricular septum?
ST EVEVATION
32
Which enzyme controls the rate of glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
33
Which enzyme controls the rate of glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase
34
Features of TAGs that make it a good energy storage molecule
- hydrophobic so stored in anhydrous form | - fatty acids are highly reduces so yield a lot of energy when oxidised
35
Enzyme involved in mobilisation of TAGs from fat stores
Hormone sensitive lipase
36
Bacteria that commonly cause community acquired pneumonia
- streptococcus pneumoniae - haemophilus influenzae - moraxella catarrhalis - staphylococcus aureus - legionella pneumophila - mycoplasma pneumoniae
37
Role of CRP
acts on opsonin by binding antigens on the surface of bacteria and initiating phagocytosis
38
Penicillins which class? Mode of action?
Beta lactam | Cell wall synthesis inhibitor