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Pathology Ch 18 - Liver and Biliary Tract > Pathology Ch 24 Endocrine > Flashcards

Pathology Ch 24 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

All individuals carrying germ-line RET mutations are advised to undergo prophylactic thyroidectomy to prevent the development of what type of carcinoma?

A

Medullary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

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2
Q

What is the most common site of gastrinomas in individuals with MEN-1?

A

Duodenum (TOPNOTCH)

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3
Q

What is the most frequent anterior pituitary tumor encountered in individuals with MEN-1?

A

Prolactinoma (TOPNOTCH)

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4
Q

Morphology: demonstrates characteristic nests of cells (zellballen) with abundant cytoplasm

A

Pheochromocytomas (TOPNOTCH)

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5
Q

Morphology: the adrenals are grossly hemorrhagic and shrunken with little residual cortical architecture discernable

A

Waterhouse Friederichsen Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries?

A

Autoimmune adrenalitis (TOPNOTCH)

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7
Q

Spirinolactone bodies are seen in what tumor?

A

Aldosterone producing adenomas (TOPNOTCH)

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8
Q

Crook hyaline change is seen in?

A

Cushing syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

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9
Q

Watery Diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria or WDHA syndrome is seen in?

A

VIPoma (TOPNOTCH)

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10
Q

Syndrome of mild DM, characteristic rash (necrolytic migratory erythema), and anemia is seen in what tumor?

A

Glucagonomas or alpha cell tumors (TOPNOTCH)

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11
Q

Syndrome of DM, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea, and hypochlorhydria is seen in what tumor?

A

Somatostatinoma or delta cell tumor (TOPNOTCH)

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12
Q

Approximately 60%-80% of patients with DM will develop some form of diabetic retinopathy after how many years from the time of diagnosis?

A

15-20 years (TOPNOTCH)

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13
Q

The fundamental lesion of DM retinopathy

A

neovascularization (TOPNOTCH)

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14
Q

What special pattern of acute pyelonephritis is common in diabetics compared to non diabetics?

A

Necrotizing papillitis or papillary necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

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15
Q

These are PAS positive glomerular lesions made distinctive by ball like deposits of laminated matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus

A

Nodular glomerulosclerosis or Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion (TOPNOTCH)

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16
Q

What are the three most important glomerular lesions seen in DM?

A

Basement membrane thickening, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and nodular glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

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17
Q

What is the hallmark of diabetic macrovascular disease?

A

Accelerated atherosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

A

Myocardial Infarction (TOPNOTCH)

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19
Q

What morphological change seen in pancreas is more commonly associated with DM Type 2 than DM Type 1?

A

Amyloid replacement of islets (TOPNOTCH)

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20
Q

What is the hallmark of hypocalcemia?

A

Tetany (TOPNOTCH)

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21
Q

The most common cause of clinically apparent hypercalcemia

A

Malignancy (TOPNOTCH)

22
Q

The most common cause of asymptomatic elevated blood calcium

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism (TOPNOTCH)

23
Q

A peculiar feature of this type of thyroid carcinoma is the presence of multicentric C cell hyperplasia

A

Familial Medullary Cancers of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

24
Q

Acellular amyloid deposits are seen in what type of thyroid cancer?

A

Medullary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

25
Q

Morphology: fairly uniform cells forming small follicles containing colloid, quite reminiscent of normal thyroid

A

Follicular Carcinoma of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

26
Q

These are concentrically calfcified structures that are often present in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

A

Psamomma bodies (TOPNOTCH)

27
Q

Morphology: the nuclei of these tumor cells contain finely dispersed chromatic which imparts an optically clear or empty appearance, giving rise to the designation ground glass or Orphan Annie eye

A

Papillary Carcinoma of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

28
Q

The major risk factor predisposing to thyroid cancer

A

Ionizing radiation, particularly in the first two decades of life (TOPNOTCH)

29
Q

Morphology: diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelial cells with scalloping of the margins

A

Graves disease (TOPNOTCH)

30
Q

Morphology: lymphocytic infiltration with hyperplastic germinal centers within the thyroid parenchyma and patch disruption and collapse of thyroid follicles

A

Subacute lymphocytic or Painless thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

31
Q

Morphology: thyroid parenchyma contains a chronic inflammatory infiltrate with multinucleate giant cells enclosing naked pools and fragments of colloid

A

Subacute or granulomatous thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

32
Q

Morphology: the thyroid parenchyma contains a dense lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers and deeply eosinophilic Hurthle cells line the residual thyroid follicles

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

33
Q

What variant of craniopharyngoma frequently contains radiologicaly demonstrable calcifications?

A

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma (TOPNOTCH)

34
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

A

Adenoma (TOPNOTCH)

35
Q

Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary occurs when approximately how much of the parenchyma is lost?

A

75% (TOPNOTCH)

36
Q

These cysts are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium with occasional goblet cells and anterior pituitary cells, can accumulate proteinaceous fluid and expand, compromising the normal gland

A

Rathke Cleft Cyst (TOPNOTCH)

37
Q

The craniopharyngomas are thought to arise from what structure?

A

Vestigial remnants of Rathke pouch (TOPNOTCH)

38
Q

What is the earliest and most consistent feature of hyperthyroidism?

A

Cardiac manifestations (TOPNOTCH)

39
Q

This condition presents with impaired developments of the skeletal system and central nervous system, manifested by severe mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, a protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia

A

Cretinism (TOPNOTCH)

40
Q

These are epithelial cells with abudant eosinophilic, granular ctyoplasm seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Hurthle cells (TOPNOTCH)

41
Q

This is a rare disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis involving the thyroid and contiguous neck structures

A

Riedel thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

42
Q

What is the most important feature in making the distinction between a thyroid adenoma and a multinodular goiter?

A

In adenoma, the neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a well defined intact capsule. In multinodular goiters, they lack a well formed capsule (TOPNOTCH)

43
Q

What is the hallmark of all follicular adenomas?

A

Well formed capsule encircling the tumor. So, careful evaluation of the integrity of the capsule is therefore critical in distinguishing follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas which demostrate capsular and or vascular invasion (TOPNOTCH)

44
Q

What is the most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the thyroid?

A

Thyroglossal duct or cyst (TOPNOTCH)

45
Q

Lamellar keratin formation or “wet keratin” is a diagnostic feature of what tumor?

A

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma (TOPNOTCH)

46
Q

Morphology: extensive infiltration of the parenchyma by a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate containing small lymphocytes, plasma cells, and well developed germinal centers

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

47
Q

Morphology: lymphocytic infiltration with hyperplastic germinal centers within the thyroid parenchyma and patch disruption and collapse of thyroid follicles. Fibrosis and Hurthle cells are not commonly seen

A

Subacute lymphocytic or painless thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

48
Q

Morphology: in its hyperplastic phase, they thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged and the follicles are lined by crowded columnar cells, which may pile up and form projections similar to those seen in Grave’s disease

A

Diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter (TOPNOTCH)

49
Q

Morphology: Variant of papillary carcinos ma that is marked with tall columnar cells with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm lining the papillary structures. The cells are at least twice as tall as they are wide.

A

Tall cell variant (TOPNOTCH)

50
Q

Morphology: nuclei are usually round to ovoid, with stippled “salt ang pepper” chromatin

A

Pheochromocytoma (TOPNOTCH)

Pathology Ch 18 - Liver and Biliary Tract (11 decks)

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