Pathology: cancer? & ischaemia Flashcards
what is the 2 hit hypothesis cancer usually follows
a genetic susceptibility which is exploited by environmental factors and by further genetic damage to cause cancer
name some risk factors of cancer
radiation, chemical exposure(eg smoking), viral infection, chronic inflammation
what are oncogenes and proto-oncogenes
oncogenes = if activated will cause cancer proto-oncogenes = normal cells involved in cell growth and division, if mutated will cause cancer
what is a tumour suppressor gene
= genes that try to prevent cancer formation, i.e. by detecting DNA damage and inducing apoptosis in abnormal cells
(usually involved in cell cycle)
give an example of a tumour suppressor and what it does
p53, can induce apoptosis or arrest cell cycle in abnormal cells
what effect does Virchow’s triad have on thrombosis and what is Virchow’s triad
thrombosis more likely if triad present
triad = endothelial injury, blood stasis, hypercoagulability
what is ischaemia
insufficient blood flow to a tissue
what is infarction
death of tissue due to lack of blood supply and hypoxic cell injury
give 3 hallmarks of cancer
evading growth suppressors
resisting cell death
activating invasion + metastases
