Pathology Flashcards
what lines the auditory meatus and the external ear canal?
stratified squamous epithelium
continuous with skin
what does the dermis of the external ear canal contain?
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands
what lines the middle ear?
columnar mucosa
what lines the nasal vestibule?
squamous epithelium
continuous with the skin
what type of gland are the salivary glands?
exocrine
what are the three major salivary glands?
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
what epithelium lines the ducts of the salivary glands?
columnar/cuboidal epithelium
what is otitis media?
inflammation of the middle ear
who most commonly gets otitis media?
children
what is the usual aetiology behind otitis media?
viral
what are some more common causes of acute bacterial otitis media?
strep pneumoniae
h influenzae
moraxella catarrhalis
what are some possible causes of chronic otitis media?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
staph aureus
fungi
what causes acquired cholesteatoma?
chronic otitis media and a perforated tympanic membrane
what causes congenital cholesteatoma?
proliferation of embryonic rest
what can be seen in the ear in cholesteatoma?
a pearly white mass in the middle ear
what is seen on histology of cholesteatoma?
squamous epithelium
abundant keratin production
associated inflammation
what is the most common type of ENT tumour?
squamous cell carcinomas
what is vestibular schwannoma?
tumour of the vestibular portion of CN VIII
where is a vestibular schwannoma found?
within the temporal bone
if a young patient has bilateral vestibular schwannoma what should be considered?
neurofibromatosis type 2
what causes vestibular schwannoma?
unknown
often sporadic
may be linked to loud noise exposure
what are the two growth patterns seen in vestibular schwannoma?
antoni A
antoni B
what is another name for allergic rhinitis?
hay fever
who are nasal polyps not commonly seen in?
children
if a young person has nasal polyps, what should be considered?
cystic fibrosis
what epithelium lines nasal polyps?
respiratory or squamous epithelium
what is GPA?
an autoimmune disorder of unknown cause
what characterises GPA?
small vessel vasculitis and necrosis, usually limited to the resp tract and kidneys
what age group gets GPA/
> 40’s
how does GPA preent?
respiratory symptoms
renal disease
nasal symptoms
what antibody is seen in GPA?
ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody)
if cANCA is seen, what vasculitis is it?
GPA
if pANCA is seen, what vasculitis is it?
microscopic polyangiitis
what are three possible benign nasal tumours?
squamous cell papilloma
sinonasal papilloma
angiofibroma
what are five possible malignant nasal tumours?
SCC adenocarcinoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma neuroblastoma lymphoma
what are the three types of sinonasal papilloma?
inverted
exophytic
oncocytic
who usually gets sinonasal papilloma?
over 50’s
more common in males
what are two risk factors for sinonasal papilloma?
HPV
organic solvents
how does sinonasal papilloma present?
blocked nose
where do inverted and oncocytic sinonasal papillomas affect?
the lateral walls of the nose and the paranasal sinuses
where do exophytic sinonasal papillomas affect?
the nasal septum
who is more commonly affected by nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
males
more common in the middle east
what are two strong risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
EBV
volatile nitrosamines in food
what are the three types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
keratinising
non keratinising
baseloid
what causes a laryngeal polyp or nodule?
a reactive change in the laryngeal mucosa secondary to trauma (vocal abuse, infection, smoking)
what are laryngeal polyps and nodules rarely associated with?
hypothyroidism
what is a contact ulcer?
a benign response to injury on the posterior vocal cord
name four examples of things that can cause a contact ulcer
chronic throat clearing
vocal abuse
GORD
intubation
what are the two peaks of incidence of laryngeal squamous cell papilloma?
<5
20-40
what is laryngeal squamous cell papilloma related to?
HPV types 6 and 11
what is a paraganglioma?
a tumour arising form clusters of neuroendocrine cells in the body
what is sialolithiasis?
stones in the salivary gland
what is the most common site for a salivary gland tumour?
parotid gland
what is the most common salivary gland tumour?
pleomorphic adenoma
