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Y2 ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of HSV?

A

HSV 1

HSV 2

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2
Q

which type of HSV is more commonly associated with oral lesions?

A

HSV 1

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3
Q

when is HSV 1 usually acquired?

A

childhood

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4
Q

what type of HSV is more commonly associated with genital lesions?

A

HSV 2

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5
Q

how is HSV transmitted?

A

by oral secretions

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6
Q

who is usually affected by primary gingivostomatitis?

A

pre school aged children

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7
Q

what is primary gingivostomatitis?

A

primary infection with HSV 1

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8
Q

how does primary gingivostomatitis present?

A

vesicles around the mouth
fever
lymphadenopathy

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9
Q

how is primary gingivostomatitis managed?

A

aciclovir

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10
Q

where does facial HSV remain latent?

A

the trigeminal ganglion

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11
Q

where does genital HSV remain latent?

A

the sacral ganglion

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12
Q

what occupations are associated with herpetic whitlow?

A

dentist

anaesthetist

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13
Q

how is herpetic whitlow prevented?

A

wearing gloves if at risk

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14
Q

what is a very serious complication of HSV infection?

A

herpes simplex encephalitis

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15
Q

how is HSV confirmed in the lab?

A

swab and PCR

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16
Q

how does herpangina present?

A

vesicles on the soft palate

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17
Q

what causes herpangina?

A

coxsackie viruses

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18
Q

how is diagnosis of herpangina made?

A

clinical

PCR

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19
Q

what causes hand foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie viruses

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20
Q

who is commonly affected by outbreaks of hand foot and mouth disease?

A

families

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21
Q

how is diagnosis of hand foot and mouth disease made?

A

clinical

PCR

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22
Q

what is acute pharyngitis?

A

inflammation of the oropharynx

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23
Q

what is tonsillitis?

A

inflammation of the tonsils

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24
Q

what should be considered if sore throat with lethargy lasts over a week?

A

glandular fever

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25
Q

when should a patient with a sore throat be referred immediately?

A

stridor
difficulty breathing
dehydration
systemically unwell

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26
Q

what is the most common cause of bacterial sore throat?

A

group A strep

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27
Q

what are two late complications of bacterial sore throat?

A

rheumatic fever

glomerulonephritis

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28
Q

what criteria can be used to determine if someone with a sore throat needs antibiotics?

A

CENTOR

fever PAIN

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29
Q

what are the four criteria in the CENTOR criteria?

A

tonsillar exudate
tender cervical lymph nodes
history of fever
absence of cough

30
Q

what are the five criteria in the FeverPAIN score?

A 
fever 
purulence 
attend rapidly 
inflamed tonsils
no cough or coryza
31
Q

what antibiotic is usually given for bacterial sore throat?

A

phenoxymethylpenicillin

32
Q

if someone on a DMARD gets a sore throat what should be done?

A

FBC

withhold the DMARD

33
Q

what complication of DMARDs can present with sore throat?

A

neutropenia

34
Q

what causes diphtheria?

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

35
Q

how does diphtheria present?

A

severe sore throat

membrane across the pharynx

36
Q

how can diphtheria be prevented?

A

vaccine

37
Q

how is diphtheria managed?

A

antitoxin
supportive care
penicillin

38
Q

what is another name for glandular fever?

A

infectious mononucleosis

39
Q

which age group gets glandular fever?

A

young adults

40
Q

how does glandular fever present?

A 
fever 
lymphadenopathy 
sore throat 
malaise 
lethargy
41
Q

what are some signs that may be seen in complicated glandular fever?

A

jaundice
rash
leucocytosis
splenomegaly

42
Q

why should patients with glandular fever avoid sports?

A

risk of spleen rupture

43
Q

what causes glandular fever?

A

EBV

44
Q

how is lab confirmation of glandular fever achieved?

A

EBV IgM
monospot test
blood count
LFTs

45
Q

how is glandular fever managed?

A

bed rest
paracetamol
corticosteroids in complicated cases

46
Q

what causes thrush?

A

candida albicans

47
Q

how does thrush present?

A

white patches on red patches in the mouth

48
Q

when should thrush be investigated?

A

if recurrent

49
Q

what things increase risk of thrush?

A

antibiotics
immunosuppression
smoking
inhaled steroids

50
Q

how is thrush managed?

A

nystatin or fluconazole

51
Q

what is acute otitis media?

A

infection of the middle ear

52
Q

what causes AOM?

A

spread of an URTI up the eustachian tube

53
Q

who is commonly affected by AOM?

A

children

54
Q

how does AOM present?

A

earache

55
Q

what are the most common bacterial causes of AOM?

A

h influenzae
strep pneumoniae
strep pyogenes

56
Q

what management is needed for bacterial AOM?

A

first line = amoxicillin

second line = erythromycin

57
Q

what is otitis externa?

A

inflammation of the ear canal

58
Q

how does otitis externa present?

A

redness and swelling
pain
discharge
hearing changes

59
Q

what are three bacterial causes of otitis externa?

A

staph aureus
proteus spp
pseudomonas

60
Q

what are two fungal causes of otitis externa?

A

aspergillus

candida

61
Q

how is fungal otitis externa treated?

A

topical clotrimazole

62
Q

how is bacterial otitis externa treated?

A

gentamicin drops

63
Q

what is malignant otitis externa?

A

extension of otitis externa into bone

64
Q

what is the major risk of malignant otitis externa?

A

can be fatal

65
Q

how does malignant otitis externa present?

A

pain
headache
facial nerve palsy

66
Q

what can be seen in malignant otitis externa?

A

bone exposed in the ear canal

67
Q

what investigations are done for malignant otitis externa?

A

inflammatory markers
imaging
biopsy and culture

68
Q

what are the risk factors for malignant otitis externa?

A

diabetes

radiotherapy to the head and neck

69
Q

when are antibiotics given for acute sinusitis?

A

severe or deteriorating cases >10 days

70
Q

what antibiotics can be given for acute sinusitis?

A 
1st = phenoxymethylpenicillin 
2nd = doxycycline

Y2 ENT (24 decks)

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