Pathology Flashcards
ASA score
1-5
5 being worst
Add e for emergency
Differ ASA 4&5
4 having constant threat to life
5 won’t survive without surgery
What is ASA 6
Brain death
Time needed to see callus on x-ray and its clinical importance
3 weeks
Differ new or old fracture
Osteoclast activity in fracture
Removing the trabecular bone
What is wallerian degeneration
when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury (which in most cases is farther from the neuron’s cell body) degenerates.
Degeneration of myelin sheath and phagocytosis by macrophages
Relation of AIDS with CBC
T cell deficiency
Relation of neutrophils with granulomatous disease
N can cause granulomatous disease
Microscopic finding of sarcoidosis
Asteroid bodies
What forms collagen
Fibroblast
Predominant cell in wound more than 6 weeks old
Myofibroblast
What is vasculogenesis
Formation of new vessel from mesenchyme
What is angiogenesis
Sprouting out of vessel from an existing vessel
Major cell of wound healing
Macrophages (but it is not chr. Inflam)
Which transforms into Fibroblast
Which transforms into myofibroblast
Differ delayed primary closure and secondary closure
D.pri. is before granulation tissue
Secondary after granulation tissue
Pathology skin layer of hypertrophic scar
Dermis
Predisposition of keloid
Genetic and dark skin
Why intra lesional incision and steroid for keloid
To trick brain that there is a keloid
Duke classification when lymph node got involved
C
How many stages of dukes classification of colonic cancer
A to D
Which disease cause brown tumor of bone
Hyperparathyroidism
X-ray finding of brown tumor of bone and why
Radio lucent
Due to excess osteoclast activity and consumption of trabecular bone
Why called brown bone tumor
Hemosiderin deposition
Why bone pain in brown tumor
Post osteoclast Resorption beyond the usual shape of bone involving periosteum
Thirst in primary hyperparathyroidism
Unquenchable
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Solitary adenoma of parathyroid in 80% of cases
IGF1 gene mutation is implicated in which tumor
HNPCC
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer also known as
Lynch syndrome
genes involved in the ACS
Adenoma carcinoma sequence
Some of the genes involved in the ACS include:
MCC (Mutated in colorectal cancer)
DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer)
c-yes (named after the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene, which it is the cellular homolog The tyrosine kinase gene)
bcl-2 (from its original discovery in the context of B-cell lymphomas)
c-myc (cellular Myc :carried by the Avian virus, Myelocytomatosis)
APC: Located on chromosome region 5q21 (adenomatous polyposis coli, a hereditary condition that causes colon tumors)
p53: Located on chromosome region 17p13 (after its molecular mass, which is in the 53 kilodalton fraction of cell proteins)
SMAD4: A driver mutation of the ACS
KRAS: A driver mutation of the ACS (because it was first identified as a viral oncogene in the Kirsten RAt Sarcoma virus)
TP53: A driver mutation of the ACS
What is adenoma carcinoma sequence
The ACS is a hypothesis that explains the evolution of colorectal cancer through a benign intermediate stage called an adenoma. The ACS is thought to be responsible for most or all colorectal cancers.
adenoma carcinoma sequence vs hnpcc
The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is a morphological model for colorectal cancer, while hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a genetic syndrome that can cause colorectal adenomas or carcinomas
Hyperopia affect osteoclast
Excess osteoclast activity
APC mutations
In familial adenomatous polyposis coli
