Pathogens and Immune System Test Flashcards
Memory Cell
Keeps a memory of the antigens they were exposed to; to prevent its host from getting infected with that antigen again
Second Line of Defense
Macrophages, Neutrophils
First Line of Defense
Skin, tears, mucus, hair
Third Line of Defense
Adaptive Immunity
specific antibodies
B cells, T cells
Study Bacteria, Viruses, and… quizlet
Primary function of non-specific immune system
Recognizing and responding to a wide range of potential pathogens
Different types of vaccines
Live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, recombinant
B cells
Part of the specific immune system that produces antibodies specific to the antigen, recognizes pathogens, and tags pathogens for destruction
How does the non-specific immune system provide a rapid response to pathogens?
Physical barriers and chemical signals
Active Immunity
- Naturally acquired(NA)
- Artificially acquired(AA)
- Creating our own antibodies and having long term immunity resulting from exposure to a pathogen, and subsequent antibody production
NA- You create antibodies to fight off infection.
AA- You are given a vaccine to create your own antibodies to fight off infection
Passive Immunity
- Naturally acquired(NA)
- Artificially acquired(AA)
- Being given antibodies; lasts for shorter times
NA- You are given antibodies through breastmilk from your mother.
AA- You are literally given antibodies to fight off infection.
T cell
Specific immunity that are born in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland
Recognize and kill infected cells, activating other immune cells, and producing cytokines
Cytotoxic T cell
It causes cells to undergo apoptosis. The ones that actually kill the cells
How does the immune system recognize and respond to an infection?
Detection of specific molecules on the surface of the bacteria/virus
How do antibodies protect against pathogens?
By sticking to the pathogens and triggering their destruction
Explain the process of antibody production in the ADAPTIVE immune system.
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies specific to the antigen
Antibiotics are used for _______ infections and antibodies are used for _________ infections.
Bacterial; Viral
Helper T cell
Main function is to release messenger/regulatory proteins called cytokines
What do B cells develop into?
Plasma cells or Memory B cells
Key indicators of the nonspecific immune response
First, inflammation
Fever, chemical signals
Phagocytes
Nonspecific
White blood cells that attack and destroy any pathogen
Antigen
What the body recognizes as non-self. Protein markers on the surface of a pathogen which stimulates the B cells
Structures of the immune system
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus
What filters the blood and cleanses it of destroyed pathogens and worn out blood cells?
Spleen
Natural killer cells
How do they cause cell death?
Immune cells that can kill our own cells if they are infected with a virus or are found to be cancerous. They kill the cells by poking cells with an enzyme that triggers apoptosis.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Mast cell
Secretes histamines that cause vasodilation of blood vessels
Examples of antigens
Bacteria, Virus, Fungus
Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
Once activated by an antigen what does a B cell do and how this is an advantage when fighting an invading pathogen?
The B cell starts cloning itself quickly with all the instructions for the exact same antibodies that are designed to fight one particular antigen. Most of these clones become active fighters.
Why would we need a new vaccination for things like the flu every year? What is happening to the virus over time?
It is constantly evolving and changing their surface antigens so immunity to last year’s flu doesn’t work against this years.
Antigen Presenting Cell(APC)
The pathogens that a macrophage has killed are broken into tiny molecules and then displayed on its outer membrane
MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complexes
The presented antigens on the outside of the APCs
Name the types of T cells(hint there are 5)
Helper, Memory, Cytotoxic, Suppressor(regulatory), natural killer
Regulator/Suppresor T cells
They send out inhibiting cytokines that tell other immune cells to stop or slow down so you dont start attacking your own body cells
