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Anatomy > Organic Molecules, Membrane, Enzymes > Flashcards

Organic Molecules, Membrane, Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What does the protein structure(shape) determine?

A

Function

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2
Q

Proteins
- What elements do proteins include?
- Monomer/ Polymer
- Function

A
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (and sometimes Sulfur)
  • Amino acid/ polypeptide
  • Aids in structure and function of an organism; regulates cell processes
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3
Q

What do the numbers mean on a pH scale?

A

0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic(or alkaline). 7.0 pH is neutral.

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4
Q

Describe quaternary structure of a protein.

A

This is the most important because all proteins look like this.

This structure is composed of 2 or more subunits and they are almost shaped like a globe.

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5
Q

What pH do enzymes work best with?

A

Neutral; If it is too acidic or basic, they will denature. The only exception is the enzymes in our acidic stomach.

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6
Q

Denaturing

A

When there are changes in pH or high heat, so the proteins break down. They look unraveled because their hydrogen bonds are broken and they cannot function anymore.

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7
Q

4 Levels of Protein Structure

A

1- sequence of amino acids
2- alpha helix or beta sheet
3- 3D shape
4- Multiple polypeptides

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8
Q

describe tertiary structure of a protein.

A

Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3D arrangement of joined polypeptides. Bonds are hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide(S-S). Also called a subunit.
* Looks very random but actually quite specific

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9
Q

3 stages of cell signaling and what happens in each

A

1- reception; A signal molecule(ligand) fits into a receptor and the receptor changes its shape as a result.
2- Transduction; Lots of chemical reactions occurring in the cell. When the phosphate group goes from molecule to molecule and they are all being activated. (like a game of hot potato)
3- Response; activation of cellular response(ex: muscle contraction)

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10
Q

Enzyme
- Definition
- How many jobs does each enzyme do?
- How many types of substrates can an enzyme work with?
- What happens to an enzyme after a reaction?

A
  • Protein that does metabolic reactions by speeding up(catalyzing) chemical reactions to sustain life and by lowering activation energy needed for the reaction to start
  • 1
  • Only 1 type of substrate
  • Nothing, they are not changed or used up at all and then they are reused
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11
Q

Breaking bonds ______ energy. Making bonds _________ energy.

A

Releases; Uses

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12
Q

What do monomers come together to make?

A

Polymers

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13
Q

Channels vs Transporters

A

They both carry things from inside to outside of the membrane; but transporters change shape during transport

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

A metabolic reaction where you break down complex molecules into simpler molecules

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15
Q

Linkers/Connectors

A

Link to other proteins within the cell to stabilize the membrane and link to membrane proteins of other cells to attach cells together

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16
Q

Function of a phospholipid bilayer and structure

A

Prevents water loss and provides a barrier/boundary between the inside and outside of the cell.
Heads on the top and bottom and tails in the middle because the inside and outside of the cells are watery environments and the heads love water

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17
Q

Environment on the outside and cytoplasm(inside) of a cell membrane

A

Watery environments

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18
Q

Give an example of something with a neutral pH.

A

Pure water

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19
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

An anabolic reaction when water is used to join molecules together using a molecule of water

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20
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

It binds to another part of the enzyme; it is not in competition with the substrate

21
Q

Anabolism

A

A metabolic reaction where you build simple molecules into complex molecules

22
Q

Describe secondary structure of a protein.

A

3D folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds(which are really easy to break).

23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A catabolic reaction when water is used to split a molecule into smaller molecules

24
Q

Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

A

Philic- water loving
Phobic- water fearing

25
Q

Nucleic acids
- What elements do nucleic acids include?
- Important parts of nucleic acids(3)
- Monomer/ Polymer
- What are the parts of a nucleotide(be able to label them on a diagram)?
- Function

A
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
  • DNA, RNA, ATP
  • Nucleotides/ Nucleic Acids
  • A nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
  • Essential for energy and inheriting genetic information
26
Q

Be able to label everything in cell signaling diagram and membrane diagram

A
27
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

It binds to the active site and it prohibits the substrate from binding to the active site.

28
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

It provides stability for the membrane because it helps hold it together by acting as a glue. It also helps maintain flexibility.

29
Q

Peptide bond

A

When the acid group of one amino acid covalently bonds with the amino group of another amino acid.

30
Q

Function of a channel protein

A

A channel that transports things in and out of a cell and they are specific to what they transport

31
Q

Terms that reference sugar

A

ending in -ose
Starting with gly-
Including -sacch-

32
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity

A
  • Concentration of Enzyme and Substrate
  • Temperature
  • pH(temp and pH have to be at a constant rate for enzymes to work(homeostasis))
  • Inhibitors
33
Q

Function of a glycoprotein and glycolipid

A

Cell recognition

34
Q

Alkalosis

A

An increase in pH to a reading greater than 7.45.

35
Q

Lipids
- Monomer/Polymer
- What part of a lipid is hydrophilic and what part is hydrophobic?
- What elements do lipids include? Which one do they include a lot of?
- Common name for lipids
- Function

A
  • Fatty acid/ triglyceride or lipid
  • The phosphate head and the fatty acid tails(made of C-H bonds)
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; Lots of carbon
  • Fats
  • Long term energy and insulation
36
Q

Why are there different enzymes for each reaction?

A

In order for the reaction to occur the reactant(substrate) needs to have the perfect charge and fit to perfectly to work.

37
Q

What does ATP stand for? and what does is it important for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate; energy

38
Q

Major proteins

A
  • hormones
  • membrane proteins(glycoproteins)
  • Enzymes
39
Q

Describe primary structure of a protein.

A

Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds, that are strong and hard to break, in a straight chain.

40
Q

Explain(give an example) the pH scale being based on multiples of 10.

A

5.0 pH would have 10 times the number of hydrogen ions as a solution with 6.0 pH.

41
Q

Number of amino acids in body

A

20

42
Q

What does a hot vs cold temp do to affect proteins?

A

Hot temp leads to denaturation.
Cold temp leads to slow reaction time.

43
Q

Carbohydrates
- Monomer/Polymer
- Two forms
- What elements do carbs include?
- Function
- Ratio of elements in every carb

A
  • Monosaccharides(simple sugars)/ Polysaccharides
  • Starches and sugars
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
  • Quick energy; Primary source of energy; Gives the fuel to make ATP
  • 1 Carbon; 2 hydrogen; 1 oxygen
44
Q

Function of a peripheral protein

A

Typically an enyzme that is on the top or bottom of the membrane and does not go all the way through

45
Q

Which biomolecule is your main source of energy?

A

Carbs

46
Q

If the plasma membrane is selectively permeable what does that mean?

A

The membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell

47
Q

What type of molecule passes through the bilayer easily?

A

A small hydrophobic molecule

48
Q

What two things come together to make cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

Anatomy (4 decks)

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