Cardiovascular System Test Flashcards
Pericardium
Fluid filled sac that covers the heart
Layers of the heart
(outermost to innermost)
Epicardium
myocardium
Endocardium
How do the valves work in the heart?
They open up when an atrium or ventricle contracts so that the blood can go through, but once the blood is in the right section they will close to prevent the blood flow backwards
Ventricle vs atrium
Ventricle is the bottom half of the heart and atrium is the top half
Interventricular septum
Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing, in the middle of the right and left atrium/ventricle
Practice labeling internal and external heart images and the basic one we had
Vein vs Artery
Include color and the one exception
Vein- blood goes towards heart(blue)
Artery- blood goes Away from heart(red)
(ONLY EXCEPTION IS PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEIN ARE SWITCHED IN COLOR)
Systole
Contraction
Diastole
Relaxation/ refilling of blood
Can CPR save a life?
No, it can prolong heart function and keep oxygenated blood circulating during cardiac arrest, but you will need a defibrillator
What will you definitely see in a slide of cardiac muscle?
Out of these features, what is unique to the cardiac muscle?
Striations- tons of light lines
Intercalated Discs- Darker lines, lots of them, but less than striations and they connect the individual cells
Nuclei- ovalish
INTERCALATED DISCS
SA Node
Pacemaker of the heart- keeps the heart beating at the correct pace, Right atrium
AV node
Right atrium above tricuspid valve, Delays signal so atria can contract before ventricles contract. Without this, blood would just splash around and not go anywhere. It keeps syncytium
Cardiac Conduction System Order
SA Node
AV Node
AV Bundle/ Bundle of His
Right Bundle Branch/Left Bundle Branch
Purkinje Fibers
AV Bundle/Bundle of His
In interventricular septum, and branches out to left and right ventricle
Purkinje Fibers
Triggers depolarization and restarts the whole cycle
They cause the ventricles to contract from the bottom up, like toothpaste tubes
How do defibrillators work?
They send so much electricity through to all the cells at once so the heart will repolarize and the action potential will start firing again
Capillaries
Smallest vessel with a large surface area where we are actively exchanging gases. Each one “feeds” a small group of cells.
Arterioles
Small artery
Venules
Small vein
Layers of a blood vessel(vein or artery)
Innermost to outermost
Tunica intima(endothelium)
Tunica media(elastic tissue)
Tunica externa
Does vasoconstriction mean the blood vessel is getting bigger or smaller?
Smaller
Does vasodilation mean the blood vessel is getting bigger or smaller?
Bigger
What is the thickest part of the heart?
The ventricles, specifically the left
How do you get long term control of blood pressure?
You alter the blood volume through the kidneys
Thickest layers of vessel walls
- What is it made of?
Tunica media(middle layer), made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers which helps with contraction and relaxation to control pressure
EKG
Measures the electrical activity of the heart
What blood vessel has a thicker muscle and elastic tissue wall?
Artery
Which event does the P-wave correlate with
QRS complex?
T wave?
Atrial depolarization
Ventricle depolarization
Ventricle repolarization
Repolarization
The heart is relaxing
Depolarization
The heart is contracting
Cardiac cycle
Equivalent to one full heart beat
Practice labeling veins and arteries
- Use Tricks to Remember Veins and Arteries Quizlet
Practice labeling arrythmias
Tachycardia
Heart rate 100 bpm or higher
When do ventricles/atria fill with blood?
When they are relaxing, diastole
Control center where electrical impulses coming into the SA node originate from
Medulla oblongata
When the atrium or ventricle contracts what is happening?
It is getting rid of blood and moving it to the next section
When the atrium or ventricle contracts what is happening?
It is getting ready to receive more blood
How does blood flow when it comes to arterioles, venules, and capillaries and what type of blood is it?
It goes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Arteries and arterioles(for pulmonary only) are blue. Venules and veins(for pulmonary only) are red. Capillaries are purple(red and blue).
Systemic Arteries and arterioles are red. Venules and veins are blue. Capillaries are purple(red and blue). Systemic comes after aorta
Which side of the heart is bigger?
Left side is much larger
Aorta
Biggest artery in the human body
Why is the human heart called a double loop?
blood passes through the heart twice in a complete circuit of the body: once on its way to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and once on its way to the rest of the body (systemic circulation), effectively creating two distinct loops within the circulatory system
Papillary Muscles
Labeled right by the chordae tendineae and they pull on them
“pull on heart strings”
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat
Tachycardia
Fast heartbeat
Heart Murmur
an extra sound heard during a heartbeat that could mean a valve problem or a hole in the heart
Functional syncytium
The heart beats as a unit because it has intercalated discs to hold individual cells to together
What is happening in each part of an ECG?
P wave- Atria contraction/ depolarization
QRS complex- Ventricular contraction/ depolarization
T wave- Ventricular relaxation/ repolarization
Ventricular Fibrillation
Really bad, chaotic contraction and no blood is being pumped
Practice labeling heartbeats
Talk about layers of arteries vs veins
The tunica media is much thicker in arteries because arteries have to withstand high pressures of blood pumped directly from the heart
Is contraction repolarization or depolarization?
Depolarization
Is relaxation repolarization or depolarization?
repolarization
If the P wave on an EKG looks abnormal, what structure(s) of the heart is possibly damaged?
SA/AV node
Control center of the heart
Medulla oblongata
Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
The tunica media
Which vein is blood often taken from?
The median cubital
What type of valves do blood vessels have?
Trick question! Veins have Semilunar valves but only veins not arteries.
What direction does blood flow for blood vessels?
From arteries to veins
Most commonly used pulse points
Carotid(neck), radial(wrists)
In your own words, describe how to use a blood pressure cuff(sphygmomanometer).
To use a blood pressure cuff, first wrap the cuff around the upper left arm, just above the elbow. Then, we slide a stethoscope under the cuff and place it on the brachial artery. Inflate the cuff by pumping the bulb until it’s at 150 mmHg. Then, slowly release the air while listening with a stethoscope over the brachial artery, noting the readings when the heartbeat starts and when it stops. The first sound represents the systolic pressure, and the last sound represents the diastolic pressure. The average blood pressure is 120/80.
Problems with high blood pressure
It can damage fragile blood vessels
Problems with low blood pressure
It kills you quickly because your body cells will not receive enough oxygen-and nutrient-rich blood.
Blood pressure
The average pressure exerted by blood against the arteries walls
What increases blood pressure?
- Increase in blood volume
- Less “stretchy” walls, smaller gap to get through so pressure increases
- Increase in cardiac output
Baroreceptors
Located in muscle of arteries
What is the equation relating to cardiac output?
CO= SV x HR
SV- Stroke Volume
HR- Heart rate
Blood volume
Amount of blood
Cardiac output
Measure of the volume of blood pumped from the heart into the arteries in one minute
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat
Review BP regulation packet
When the arteries vasoconstrict, how does that affect blood volume?
It doesn’t the blood is just redistributed, but none is lost or gained
What do these three effectors affect: Myocardial fibers of the heart ventricle, SA node of the heart, smooth muscle of other arterioles?
- Stroke Volume
- Heart Rate
- Total Peripheral Resistance
Efferent/Motor signals
Exiting brainstem
Sensory/Afferent signals
Arriving to brainstem
Where do sympathetic neurons send branches to?
The SA node and ventricles
Where do parasympathetic neurons send branches to?
The SA node
How are the parasympathetic nerve and heart rate related?
The heart rate decreases and the parasympathetic nerve increases
Which side of the heart is blue and which side is red?
The right side is blue and the left side is red
What is the name of the arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart?
Coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis
Coronary heart disease with plaques in the heart that restrict blood flow. People typically have low oxygen levels.
Sympathetic system: How does this affect heart rate?
It speeds it up
Parasympathetic system: How does this affect heart rate?
It slows it down
What causes the first heart sound in a heartbeat?
Closing of AV valves
What causes the second heart sound in a heartbeat?
Closing of SL valves
