Bacteria, Viruses, 1st & 2nd Lines of Defense Flashcards
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Lytic Cycle
Step 1: Attachment- A virus attaches to the surface of a host cell
Step 2: Penetration- the virus is taken into the cell
Step 3: Biosynthesis- viral parts are made
Step 4: Assembly- viral parts are put together
Step 5: Release- viruses leave host cell to infect new cells
What do viruses need to reproduce?
A host cell
Lysogenic Cycle
Is a virus considered living or non-living?
Non-living
What do viruses have in common with living cells?
They both store genetic information
What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic infection?
Lysogenic viruses can stay dormant for a long time inside the cells before becoming active and causing harm
Main function of spikes on outside of virus
Help with attachment to host cell
Characteristics of viruses that make them non-living
- They cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell
- They are not made of cells
- They cannot make proteins
Lysing
Exploding or bursting
Which virus life cycle allows the virus to combine DNA producing half viral DNA and half host cell DNA?
Lysogenic
Host
Cell that the virus invades and takes over
Be able to label all parts of a bacteriophage: capsid, nucleic acid, whiskers, collar, tail, baseplate
Capsid
Protein capsule that houses and protects the genetic material(RNA/DNA)
Pathogen
A disease causing microorganism, such as viruses, bacteria, etc.
Bacteria, virus or both virus and bacteria:
- Can be treated with antibiotics
- Can undergo binary fission
- Causes disease
- Single-cell organisms
- Contains ribosomes
- Does not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- Contains a nucleoid region made of DNA
- Are larger in size
- Bacteria
- Bacteria
- Virus and bacteria
- Bacteria
- Bacteria
- Both virus and bacteria
- Bacteria
- Bacteria
Antibodies(aka immunoglobulins)
Specialized and specific proteins that allow the immune system to distinguish between its own proteins which helps protect the body from harm and helps let the macrophages know which proteins need to be destroyed
Serum
The watery fluid remaining in a blood sample after the red and white blood cells are removed
Why would an ELISA for HIV test for the antibody but not the virus itself?
This is because the HIV hides in the cells
How are viruses sort of parasitic?
They bring very little with them and steal whatever they need from the host cell
Which immune system cell does HIV infect?
T Helper cell
What happens to a T Helper cell after infected with HIV?
It becomes an HIV replicating cell
What does HIV do to the cells once it’s inside your body?
It will slowly kill your immune system cells until the person develops AIDS and then you will have basically no immune system and die from a secondary infection.
What does HIV stand for?
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus
Protease
Enzyme that assembles the virus during infection
Integrase
Enzyme that integrates virus DNA into host DNA
Bacteriophage
A virus that only infects bacteria
What are three things that all viruses have?
1- Nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
2- Capsid
3- Envelope- Lipid bilayer
Retrovirus
A virus that uses reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase
An enzyme that does transcription but “backward”. It goes from RNA to DNA
First the transcriptase goes from RNA to a single strand of DNA, then a second strand of DNA after the RNA breaks down
AIDS
It is the “second stage” of HIV
HIV will always turn into AIDS and then kill the human that is infected
Talk about virus specificity
Viruses can only attack certain cell types. The ends of a virus have to attach to a specific receptor. It is like puzzle pieces
How is HIV spread?
Through bodily fluids
- Blood
- Sharing Needles
- Breast Milk
Stages of HIV
1- Primary- Mild symptoms, feels like the flu
2- Asymptomatic- Around 10 years, no symptoms,
3- Symptomatic- Immune system is deteriorating, secondary infections start to appear
4- AIDS
Why is lysing bad for a cell?
Because the cell cannot survive without its cell membrane
Pandemic
An outbreak that occurs over a large geographic area
Epidemic
An outbreak that stays within one region
Macrophage
Digests viruses and infected cells; Big eater that is non-specific and eats any foreign invaders
Why do we need a new flu shot every year?
Because viruses can mutate and your cells will not recognize them as bad initially
Phagocytosis
When a white blood cell digests another particle and gets rid of it and most likely because it’s bad
Prokaryote
Unicellular organism without a nucleus
Pilli
Helps bacteria stick to surfaces or cells
Flagella
Helps bacteria move within their environment
Ribosomes
Make proteins for the cell
Cell membrane
Regulates what comes in and out of the cell
Plasmid
Used in sexual reproduction
MRSA
A bacteria resistant to antibiotics. This infection can spread to the blood and cause sepsis.
IgM
First type of antibody produced in an immune response
IgG
Second type of antibody produced in an immune response that follows shortly after IgM
Resistant
When antibiotics no longer work and the bacteria lives
Susceptible
The bacteria is killed and the antibiotics work
Antiseptics
WE CANNOT CONSUME
They dehydrate things and kill bacteria
Antibiotics
WE CAN CONSUME
Kills bacteria
Zone of inhibition
The area near the antibiotic disk where no bacteria grows
Why does the cell membrane lyse?
Because the cell makes too many copies of the virus
What are the antigens?
A, B, D(positive)
Agglutination
Clumps
for blood- blod clots
for pathogens- clumps pathogens into large groups making it easier for phagocytes to eat
Universal recipient
AB positive
Universal donor
O negative
If you had A- blood which antigens and antibodies would you have?
You would have the A antigen, and antibody-B and antibody D
Because
Which nucleic acid does HIV have?
RNA
Lysosome
A normal cell part that contains digestive enzymes. In the second line of defense
Phagosome
A vesicle that contains the foreign invaders after the macrophage has ingested it. In the second line of defense
How do you know what blood types can receive from which?
Ex: A+
They can receive from anything except their antibodies
Ex: A+ has a B antibody only meaning A+ can receive from anything except any blood types with a B in it
Interferons and Interleukins
Important in second line of defense to stop a virus from replicating itself
How do you know what blood types can donate from which?
Ex: A+
It will be the ones with the same antigens
Ex: A positive and AB positive because they both have A and D antigens
What is the difference in HIV/all retrovirus life cycles?
They use reverse transcriptase. They go from RNA to DNA.
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA goes through transcription then translation to create RNA
