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Anatomy > Bacteria, Viruses, 1st & 2nd Lines of Defense > Flashcards

Bacteria, Viruses, 1st & 2nd Lines of Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Play quizzizzes

A
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2
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Step 1: Attachment- A virus attaches to the surface of a host cell
Step 2: Penetration- the virus is taken into the cell
Step 3: Biosynthesis- viral parts are made
Step 4: Assembly- viral parts are put together
Step 5: Release- viruses leave host cell to infect new cells

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3
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host cell

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4
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A
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5
Q

Is a virus considered living or non-living?

A

Non-living

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6
Q

What do viruses have in common with living cells?

A

They both store genetic information

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7
Q

What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic infection?

A

Lysogenic viruses can stay dormant for a long time inside the cells before becoming active and causing harm

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8
Q

Main function of spikes on outside of virus

A

Help with attachment to host cell

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9
Q

Characteristics of viruses that make them non-living

A
  • They cannot reproduce on their own
  • They are not made of cells
  • They cannot make proteins
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10
Q

Lysing

A

Exploding or bursting

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11
Q

Which virus life cycle allows the virus to combine DNA producing half viral DNA and half host cell DNA?

A

Lysogenic

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12
Q

Host

A

Cell that the virus invades and takes over

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13
Q

Be able to label all parts of a bacteriophage: capsid, nucleic acid, whiskers, collar, tail, baseplate

A
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14
Q

Capsid

A

Protein capsule that houses and protects the genetic material(RNA/DNA)

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism, such as viruses, bacteria, etc.

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16
Q

Bacteria, virus or both virus and bacteria:
- Can be treated with antibiotics
- Can undergo binary fission
- Causes disease
- Single-cell organisms
- Contains ribosomes
- Does not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- Contains a nucleoid region made of DNA
- Are larger in size

A
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Virus and bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Both virus and bacteria
  • Bacteria
  • Bacteria
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17
Q

Antibodies(aka immunoglobulins)

A

Specialized and specific proteins that allow the immune system to distinguish between its own proteins which helps protect the body from harm and helps let the macrophages know which proteins need to be destroyed

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18
Q

Serum

A

The watery fluid remaining in a blood sample after the red and white blood cells are removed

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19
Q

Why would an ELISA for HIV test for the antibody but not the virus itself?

A

This is because the HIV hides in the cells

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20
Q

How are viruses sort of parasitic?

A

They bring very little with them and steal whatever they need from the host cell

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21
Q

Which immune system cell does HIV infect?

A

T Helper cell

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22
Q

What happens to a T Helper cell after infected with HIV?

A

It becomes an HIV replicating cell

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23
Q

What does HIV do to the cells once it’s inside your body?

A

It will slowly kill your immune system cells until the person develops AIDS and then you will have basically no immune system and die from a secondary infection.

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24
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus

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25
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that assembles the virus during infection

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26
Q

Integrase

A

Enzyme that integrates virus DNA into host DNA

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27
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that only infects bacteria

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28
Q

What are three things that all viruses have?

A

1- Nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
2- Capsid
3- Envelope- Lipid bilayer

29
Q

Retrovirus

A

A virus that uses reverse transcriptase

30
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme that does transcription but “backward”. It goes from RNA to DNA

First the transcriptase goes from RNA to a single strand of DNA, then a second strand of DNA after the RNA breaks down

31
Q

AIDS

A

It is the “second stage” of HIV
HIV will always turn into AIDS and then kill the human that is infected

32
Q

Talk about virus specificity

A

Viruses can only attack certain cell types. The ends of a virus have to attach to a specific receptor. It is like puzzle pieces

33
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through bodily fluids
- Blood
- Sharing Needles
- Breast Milk

34
Q

Stages of HIV

A

1- Primary- Mild symptoms, feels like the flu
2- Asymptomatic- Around 10 years, no symptoms,
3- Symptomatic- Immune system is deteriorating, secondary infections start to appear
4- AIDS

35
Q

Why is lysing bad for a cell?

A

Because the cell cannot survive without its cell membrane

36
Q

Pandemic

A

An outbreak that occurs over a large geographic area

37
Q

Epidemic

A

An outbreak that stays within one region

38
Q

Macrophage

A

Digests viruses and infected cells; Big eater

39
Q

Why do we need a new flu shot every year?

A

Because viruses can mutate and your cells will not recognize them as bad initially

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a cell digests another particle and gets ride of it and most likely because it’s bad

41
Q

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism without a nucleus

42
Q

Pilli

A

Helps bacteria stick to surfaces or cells

43
Q

Flagella

A

Helps bacteria move within their environment

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins for the cell

45
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell

46
Q

Plasmid

A

Used in sexual reproduction

47
Q

Lines of Defense Against Bacteria

A

First- Skin
Second- Macrophage- nonspecific and eats any foreign invaders
Third- specific antibodies

48
Q

MRSA

A

A bacteria resistant to antibiotics. This infection can spread to the blood and cause sepsis.

49
Q

IgM

A

First type of antibody produced in an immune response

50
Q

IgG

A

Second type of antibody produced in an immune response that follows shortly after IgM

51
Q

Resistant

A

When antibiotics no longer work and the bacteria lives

52
Q

Susceptible

A

The bacteria is killed and the antibiotics work

53
Q

Antiseptics

A

WE CANNOT CONSUME
They dehydrate things and kill bacteria

54
Q

Antibiotics

A

WE CAN CONSUME
Kills bacteria

55
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

The area near the antibiotic disk where no bacteria grows

56
Q

Why does the cell membrane lyse?

A

Because the cell makes too many copies of the virus

57
Q

What are the antigens?

A

A, B, D(positive)

58
Q

Agglutination

A

Rejection of blood; blood clots

59
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB positive

60
Q

Universal donor

A

O negative

61
Q

If you had A- blood which antigens and antibodies would you have?

A

You would have the A antigen, and antibody-B and antibody D
Because

62
Q

Which nucleic acid does HIV have?

A

RNA

63
Q

Lysosome

A

A normal cell part that contains digestive enzymes. In the second line of defense

64
Q

Phagosome

A

A vesicle that contains the foreign invaders after the macrophage has ingested it. In the second line of defense

65
Q

How do you know what blood types can receive from which?
Ex: A+

A

They can receive from anything except their antibodies

Ex: A+ has a B antibody only meaning A+ can receive from anything except any blood types with a B in it

66
Q

Interferons and Interleukins

A

Important in second line of defense to stop a virus from replicating itself

67
Q

How do you know what blood types can donate from which?
Ex: A+

A

It will be the ones with the same antigens

Ex: A positive and AB positive because they both have A and D antigens

68
Q

What is the difference in HIV/all retrovirus life cycles?

A

They use reverse transcriptase. They go from RNA to DNA.

69
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA goes through transcription then translation to create RNA

Anatomy (7 decks)

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