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Anatomy > Digestive System Test > Flashcards

Digestive System Test Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Cells of the liver responsible for production of bile, processing of vitamins, synthesis of blood proteins, detoxification of drugs and alcohol, comprising about 60% of liver tissue.

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2
Q

What type of epithelium does the intestines have?

A

Simple columnar

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3
Q

Gallstones

A

Formed by bile salts mixed with cholesterol. Painful when stuck in ducts.

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4
Q

Where are carbs broken down in the digestive system?

A

In the mouth and duodenum with salivary amylase(carbs to sugar) and pancreatic amylase

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5
Q

Sublingual gland

A

A salivary gland that lies in the floor of the mouth on the side of the tongue

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6
Q

What type of epithelium does an esophagus have?

A

Stratified squamous

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7
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water and
electrolytes, contains bacteria to aid in
digestion (intestinal flora)

Mass Movements (defecation) - removes
undigested food when colon contracts to move the material through it

The main job is water reabsorption.

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8
Q

Bilirubin

A

Red blood cell pigment

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9
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone in the stomach that stimulates hunger

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10
Q

Study Upper GI, stomach, and Epithelial tissues quizlet too

A
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11
Q

Gallbladder

A

A pear-shaped sac-like organ attached to the interior surface of the liver with a primary function of storing bile produced by the liver. It is connected to the duodenum by the common bile duct.

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12
Q

Be able to label:
- Teeth Diagram(incisors, cuspid) and Tooth Diagram(dentin, gingiva)
- Parts of Pharynx
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder
- Layers of alimentary canal in cross-section
- Salivary Glands
- Types of epithelial tissue

A
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13
Q

Glucagon

A

The pancreatic hormone that raises your blood sugar

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14
Q

Bile

A

A molecule produced in the liver but stored in the gallbladder. It is a yellowish-green fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine

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15
Q

Transverse colon

A

A portion of the colon that extends horizontally and crosses the upper abdominal cavity

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16
Q

Lacteal Function

A

Specialized lympathic capillary that absorbs digested lipids

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17
Q

Gastric rugae

A

Folds in the mucosa layer of the stomach that allow the stomach to stretch

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18
Q

Jaundice

A

Occurs when liver fails to clear bilirubin. Causes yellowing of the skin and eyes

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19
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive form of pepsin produced by chief cells in the stomach. It is activated by HCl to digest proteins.

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20
Q

Where are lipids broken down in the digestive system?

A

Gallbladder because they give off bile salts to emulsify(break down) fats/ lipids

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21
Q

Liver Functions

A
  • Production of bile
  • Production of proteins
  • Storage of glycogen
  • Storage of vitamins (A, D, E, K,
    B12, and iron)
  • Clears bilirubin (from dead red
    blood cells)
  • Makes urea from amino acids
  • Detoxification
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22
Q

Hard Palate

A

The top portion of the roof of the mouth

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23
Q

Small Intestine Main Function

A

Absorption of nutrients

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24
Q

Pancreas

A

An exocrine and endocrine gland. Its two primary functions are to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum and produce insulin and glucagon.

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25
Q

Acid reflux

A

when stomach acid splashes back into
the esophagus, causing a burning sensation (Heartburn.)

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26
Q

Laparoscopy

A

The surgery performed when removing the gallbladder or appendix

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27
Q

Cecum

A

The first region of the large intestine, a pouch that hangs inferiorly to where the large intestine connects to the small intestine and has appendix attached

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28
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Molecule in parietal cells in stomach; required for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

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29
Q

Common bile duct

A

Drains the bile from the gallbladder and liver

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30
Q

Which tissue would be the fastest at diffusing(absorbing and secreting)?

A

Simple squamous because its flat and thin

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31
Q

Hepatopancreatic duct

A

The union of the common bile duct in the liver and the pancreatic duct which opens into the duodenum of the small intestine

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32
Q

Secretin

A

Hormone in the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluids to neutralize stomach acid.

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33
Q

Cholecystokinin(CCK)

A

The small intestine hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile and pancreas to release enzymes

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34
Q

Sinusoids

A

where blood flows and bile is removed

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35
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Between small intestine and cecum

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36
Q

Pylorus

A

The funnel shaped terminal end of the stomach

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37
Q

How does insulin work with blood sugar in pancreas and liver?

A

You will have a high blood sugar then go into the pancreas to get insulin(sponge) then go to liver with insulin and come out with low blood sugar.

38
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

39
Q

Endocrine

A

Travels through body

40
Q

Duodenum
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
    substrate: starch
    products: sugars
  • Pancreatic lipase
    substrate: fats
    products: monoglycerides and fatty acids
  • Trypsin
    substrates: Protein
    products: Peptides

Secretions:
Secretin and CCK

41
Q

Stomach
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion

A
  • Pepsin
  • Proteins
  • Peptides
  • Gastrin
42
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

A portion of the colon shaped like an “S” that leads to the rectum

43
Q

Enterokinase

A

The enzyme produced in the small intestine that converts trypsinogen into trypsin

44
Q

Jejunum
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion

A
  • Maltase
    substrate: Maltose
    products: glucose
  • Peptidase
    substrate: polypeptides
    product: Amino acids

Secretions: Reflex action and contact action with intestinal wall

45
Q

Triad in hepatic lobule

A

Branches of three vessels: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, along with bile drainage ducts all run together to infiltrate all parts of liver.

46
Q

Parotid Gland

A

The largest salivary gland, located near the ear

47
Q

Lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter

A

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus at the entrance of the stomach that functions to prevent food from the stomach reentering the esophagus

48
Q

Mucus

A

Molecule in stomach and intestines that protects stomach and intestines from acidic environment and prevents them from digesting themself and produced by goblet cells

49
Q

Descending Colon

A

A portion of the colon that goes downwards toward the pelvic region along the left abdominal wall

50
Q

Duodenum

A

The first 10 inches of the small intestine

51
Q

Greater omentum

A

membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat, quick use by the liver

52
Q

Where are proteins broken down in the digestive system?

A

In the stomach, pepsin unravels proteins. Pepsin is created by pepsinogen and HCl.

53
Q

Mesentery

A

supports coils of small intestine and contains blood vessels to carry absorbed nutrients to the liver

54
Q

Hepatic Lobules

A

Functional units of hepatic(liver) cells

55
Q

H. pylori

A

Bacterium that causes ulcers

56
Q

What does the ending “-itis” entail?

A

An inflammation

57
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Commonly known as the appendix but it is a worm-like projection attached to the inferior medial portion of the cecum. Acts as a storehouse
for good bacteria, “rebooting” the
digestive system after diarrheal
illnesses.

58
Q

Explain why stomach lining cells produce pepsinogen instead of pepsin. How is pepsinogen converted into pepsin?

A

They produce pepsinogen because it is inactive and harmless compared to pepsin. Pepsinogen is then converted into pepsin when it is mixed with HCl.

59
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Permanent damage to the liver lobules that can be a result of a virus or caused by chronic alcohol abuse

60
Q

Where are nucleic acids broken down in the digestive system?

A

They are broken down in the small intestines by nucleases

61
Q

How does glucagon work with blood sugar in pancreas and liver?

A

You will have a low blood sugar then go into the pancreas to get glucagon(key) then go to liver with glucagon and come out with raised blood sugar.

62
Q

Rectum

A

The last part of the large intestine that stores waste before it is expelled through the anus

63
Q

Anus

A

Muscular sphincter that controls the exit of waste

64
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

65
Q

Dysentery/ Diarrhea

A

Failure to reabsorb water in the large intestine,
which leads to watery stool. Dehydration can
lead to death.

66
Q

Cholera

A

Causes diarrhea, leading to massive loss of water that can be fatal. Bacteria is transmitted through unclean water sources and contaminated food.

67
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Test is used to detect cancer in the colon by using a tube going through the anus to the colon

68
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Crampy abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Bloody stool
Watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Constipation

69
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum. may result from straining during bowel movements or from the increased pressure
on these veins during pregnancy. Can cause pain, itching, and minor bleeding during bowel movements

70
Q

Hernia

A

intestines poke through abdominal muscles

71
Q

Tonsils

A

Organs that protect us against infection

72
Q

Practice filling out practice packet all at once

A
73
Q

The cystic duct comes from the..

A

Gallbladder

74
Q

Hepatic duct comes from the..

A

Liver

75
Q

Both ducts join to form ________ which empties into _______

A

Common Bile duct; duodenum

76
Q

How is jaundice treated in infants?

A

They go under a bili light to decrease the elevated levels of bilirubin

77
Q

Order of parts in small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

78
Q

What type of organism is microflora and name 3 ways that the flora benefit us?

A

Bacteria; Synthesis of vitamins, Metabolism of bile acids, Immune system activation

79
Q

Bristol Stool Chart

A

Analyzes consistency of feces

80
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

Doctor that treats disorders of the digestive system

81
Q

Hepatitis A

A

caused by eating food or water infected with the
virus

82
Q

Hepatitis B and C

A

transmitted through body fluid (STI). These can lead to long term (chronic) disease and
even liver failure.

83
Q

HCl
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Acid
  • Stomach(parietal cells)
  • Lowers stomach pH and activates pepsinogen
84
Q

Somatostatin
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Hormone
  • Stomach, Pancreas
  • Inhibits secretion of gastrin, HCl, and pancreatic enzymes.
85
Q

Bicarbonate ions
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Molecule
  • Pancreas
  • Neutralizes acidic chyme entering the small intestine.
86
Q

Trypsinogen
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Enzyme precursor
  • Pancreas
  • Inactive precursor of trypsin; activated by enterokinase in the intestine.
87
Q

Trypsin
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Enzyme
  • Pancreas
  • Digests proteins into smaller peptides
88
Q

Nuclease
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Enzyme
  • Pancreas
  • Breaks down DNA and RNA into nucleotides
89
Q

Sucrase/ Maltase/ Lactase
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Enzyme
  • Small Intestine
  • Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
90
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Protein(GIP)
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function

A
  • Hormone
  • Small Intestine
  • Reduces gastric activity and stimulates insulin release from the pancreas.
91
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone in adipose tissue that stimulates you to stop eating

92
Q

Look through notebook and book

A

Anatomy (4 decks)

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