Digestive System Test Flashcards
Hepatocytes
Cells of the liver responsible for production of bile, processing of vitamins, synthesis of blood proteins, detoxification of drugs and alcohol, comprising about 60% of liver tissue.
What type of epithelium does the intestines have?
Simple columnar
Gallstones
Formed by bile salts mixed with cholesterol. Painful when stuck in ducts.
Where are carbs broken down in the digestive system?
In the mouth and duodenum with salivary amylase(carbs to sugar) and pancreatic amylase
Sublingual gland
A salivary gland that lies in the floor of the mouth on the side of the tongue
What type of epithelium does an esophagus have?
Stratified squamous
Functions of large intestine
Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water and
electrolytes, contains bacteria to aid in
digestion (intestinal flora)
Mass Movements (defecation) - removes
undigested food when colon contracts to move the material through it
The main job is water reabsorption.
Bilirubin
Red blood cell pigment
Ghrelin
Hormone in the stomach that stimulates hunger
Study Upper GI, stomach, and Epithelial tissues quizlet too
Gallbladder
A pear-shaped sac-like organ attached to the interior surface of the liver with a primary function of storing bile produced by the liver. It is connected to the duodenum by the common bile duct.
Be able to label:
- Teeth Diagram(incisors, cuspid) and Tooth Diagram(dentin, gingiva)
- Parts of Pharynx
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder
- Layers of alimentary canal in cross-section
- Salivary Glands
- Types of epithelial tissue
Glucagon
The pancreatic hormone that raises your blood sugar
Bile
A molecule produced in the liver but stored in the gallbladder. It is a yellowish-green fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine
Transverse colon
A portion of the colon that extends horizontally and crosses the upper abdominal cavity
Lacteal Function
Specialized lympathic capillary that absorbs digested lipids
Gastric rugae
Folds in the mucosa layer of the stomach that allow the stomach to stretch
Jaundice
Occurs when liver fails to clear bilirubin. Causes yellowing of the skin and eyes
Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin produced by chief cells in the stomach. It is activated by HCl to digest proteins.
Where are lipids broken down in the digestive system?
Gallbladder because they give off bile salts to emulsify(break down) fats/ lipids
Liver Functions
- Production of bile
- Production of proteins
- Storage of glycogen
- Storage of vitamins (A, D, E, K,
B12, and iron) - Clears bilirubin (from dead red
blood cells) - Makes urea from amino acids
- Detoxification
Hard Palate
The top portion of the roof of the mouth
Small Intestine Main Function
Absorption of nutrients
Pancreas
An exocrine and endocrine gland. Its two primary functions are to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum and produce insulin and glucagon.
Acid reflux
when stomach acid splashes back into
the esophagus, causing a burning sensation (Heartburn.)
Laparoscopy
The surgery performed when removing the gallbladder or appendix
Cecum
The first region of the large intestine, a pouch that hangs inferiorly to where the large intestine connects to the small intestine and has appendix attached
Intrinsic factor
Molecule in parietal cells in stomach; required for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine
Common bile duct
Drains the bile from the gallbladder and liver
Which tissue would be the fastest at diffusing(absorbing and secreting)?
Simple squamous because its flat and thin
Hepatopancreatic duct
The union of the common bile duct in the liver and the pancreatic duct which opens into the duodenum of the small intestine
Secretin
Hormone in the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluids to neutralize stomach acid.
Cholecystokinin(CCK)
The small intestine hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile and pancreas to release enzymes
Sinusoids
where blood flows and bile is removed
Ileocecal valve
Between small intestine and cecum
Pylorus
The funnel shaped terminal end of the stomach
How does insulin work with blood sugar in pancreas and liver?
You will have a high blood sugar then go into the pancreas to get insulin(sponge) then go to liver with insulin and come out with low blood sugar.
Hiatal hernia
Occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
Endocrine
Travels through body
Duodenum
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion
- Pancreatic amylase
substrate: starch
products: sugars - Pancreatic lipase
substrate: fats
products: monoglycerides and fatty acids - Trypsin
substrates: Protein
products: Peptides
Secretions:
Secretin and CCK
Stomach
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion
- Pepsin
- Proteins
- Peptides
- Gastrin
Sigmoid Colon
A portion of the colon shaped like an “S” that leads to the rectum
Enterokinase
The enzyme produced in the small intestine that converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Jejunum
- Enzyme
- Substrate
- Products
- Hormone controlling secretion
- Maltase
substrate: Maltose
products: glucose - Peptidase
substrate: polypeptides
product: Amino acids
Secretions: Reflex action and contact action with intestinal wall
Triad in hepatic lobule
Branches of three vessels: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, along with bile drainage ducts all run together to infiltrate all parts of liver.
Parotid Gland
The largest salivary gland, located near the ear
Lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter
A muscle located at the end of the esophagus at the entrance of the stomach that functions to prevent food from the stomach reentering the esophagus
Mucus
Molecule in stomach and intestines that protects stomach and intestines from acidic environment and prevents them from digesting themself and produced by goblet cells
Descending Colon
A portion of the colon that goes downwards toward the pelvic region along the left abdominal wall
Duodenum
The first 10 inches of the small intestine
Greater omentum
membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat, quick use by the liver
Where are proteins broken down in the digestive system?
In the stomach, pepsin unravels proteins. Pepsin is created by pepsinogen and HCl.
Mesentery
supports coils of small intestine and contains blood vessels to carry absorbed nutrients to the liver
Hepatic Lobules
Functional units of hepatic(liver) cells
H. pylori
Bacterium that causes ulcers
What does the ending “-itis” entail?
An inflammation
Vermiform appendix
Commonly known as the appendix but it is a worm-like projection attached to the inferior medial portion of the cecum. Acts as a storehouse
for good bacteria, “rebooting” the
digestive system after diarrheal
illnesses.
Explain why stomach lining cells produce pepsinogen instead of pepsin. How is pepsinogen converted into pepsin?
They produce pepsinogen because it is inactive and harmless compared to pepsin. Pepsinogen is then converted into pepsin when it is mixed with HCl.
Cirrhosis
Permanent damage to the liver lobules that can be a result of a virus or caused by chronic alcohol abuse
Where are nucleic acids broken down in the digestive system?
They are broken down in the small intestines by nucleases
How does glucagon work with blood sugar in pancreas and liver?
You will have a low blood sugar then go into the pancreas to get glucagon(key) then go to liver with glucagon and come out with raised blood sugar.
Rectum
The last part of the large intestine that stores waste before it is expelled through the anus
Anus
Muscular sphincter that controls the exit of waste
Gastroenteritis
Vomiting and diarrhea
Dysentery/ Diarrhea
Failure to reabsorb water in the large intestine,
which leads to watery stool. Dehydration can
lead to death.
Cholera
Causes diarrhea, leading to massive loss of water that can be fatal. Bacteria is transmitted through unclean water sources and contaminated food.
Colonoscopy
Test is used to detect cancer in the colon by using a tube going through the anus to the colon
Crohn’s Disease
Crampy abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Bloody stool
Watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Constipation
Hemorrhoids
swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum. may result from straining during bowel movements or from the increased pressure
on these veins during pregnancy. Can cause pain, itching, and minor bleeding during bowel movements
Hernia
intestines poke through abdominal muscles
Tonsils
Organs that protect us against infection
Practice filling out practice packet all at once
The cystic duct comes from the..
Gallbladder
Hepatic duct comes from the..
Liver
Both ducts join to form ________ which empties into _______
Common Bile duct; duodenum
How is jaundice treated in infants?
They go under a bili light to decrease the elevated levels of bilirubin
Order of parts in small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What type of organism is microflora and name 3 ways that the flora benefit us?
Bacteria; Synthesis of vitamins, Metabolism of bile acids, Immune system activation
Bristol Stool Chart
Analyzes consistency of feces
Gastroenterologist
Doctor that treats disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis A
caused by eating food or water infected with the
virus
Hepatitis B and C
transmitted through body fluid (STI). These can lead to long term (chronic) disease and
even liver failure.
HCl
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Acid
- Stomach(parietal cells)
- Lowers stomach pH and activates pepsinogen
Somatostatin
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Hormone
- Stomach, Pancreas
- Inhibits secretion of gastrin, HCl, and pancreatic enzymes.
Bicarbonate ions
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Molecule
- Pancreas
- Neutralizes acidic chyme entering the small intestine.
Trypsinogen
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Enzyme precursor
- Pancreas
- Inactive precursor of trypsin; activated by enterokinase in the intestine.
Trypsin
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Enzyme
- Pancreas
- Digests proteins into smaller peptides
Nuclease
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Enzyme
- Pancreas
- Breaks down DNA and RNA into nucleotides
Sucrase/ Maltase/ Lactase
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Enzyme
- Small Intestine
- Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Gastric Inhibitory Protein(GIP)
- Hormone/Enzyme or other molecule type?
- Organ Source
- Function
- Hormone
- Small Intestine
- Reduces gastric activity and stimulates insulin release from the pancreas.
Leptin
Hormone in adipose tissue that stimulates you to stop eating
Look through notebook and book
