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Anatomy > Chapters 2,3,8,9 > Flashcards

Chapters 2,3,8,9 Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve

A

Fiber bundle in the PNS

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2
Q

Dermatome

A

skin region that is connected to a spinal nerve

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3
Q

Function of hormones

A

To regulate body functions

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4
Q

Chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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5
Q

When the cells of a synapse are resting where are neurotransmitters held?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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6
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System; all nerves outside of the CNS. Includes cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and spinal nerves that send messages to and from the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What does an unsaturated fat look like? Ex of an unsaturated fat

A

Bent with a double bond on the bottom link of the triglyceride
Oils

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8
Q

Tract

A

Fiber bundle in the CNS

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical signal that transports information across the synaptic cleft

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10
Q

Allosteric site

A

The spot where noncompetitive inhibitors bind

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11
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Rest and digest system
- slowed heart rate and blood pressure

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12
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without air; refers to the body producing energy without oxygen.

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13
Q

How do we get energy?

A

ATP makes ADP and P and energy

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14
Q

What bonds holds proteins in a 3D shape?

A

Hydrogen

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15
Q

Which biomolecule is a part of your body’s structure?(like muscles)

A

Protein

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16
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated and slower

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17
Q

Study picture in notebook labeling different parts of a phospholipid bilayer

A
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18
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A

Regulates what goes in and out of the cell

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19
Q

Dendrite

A

Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. Sometimes functioning as receptors.

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20
Q

What are 2 places humans store glucose?

A

Fiber and muscles

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21
Q

Which molecule is important as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain? Without it, no ATP would be produced.

A

Oxygen

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22
Q

How is information carried throught our nervous system?

A

Sensory receptors send information to the spinal cord which sends info to the brain. Which then gives info to effectors which send out signals.

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23
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated and fast

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24
Q

Practice this review

A

https://classroom.google.com/c/NjgxMzU3MTQ0NjU0/a/NzA1NTA4ODk0Njc3/details

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25
Q

What does the name of an enzyme always end in? A sugar?

A

-ase; - ose

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26
Q

What makes a reaction stop?

A

When all substrates are used

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27
Q

Look thru organic molecules review that’s like a mini booklet

A
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28
Q

What do we use cholesterol for in the body?

A

To make steroid hormones and membrane

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29
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Fight or flight response
- increased heart rate and blood pressure

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30
Q

The electron transport chain takes place in which organelle?

A

mitochondrion

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31
Q

What biomolecule is glucose?

A

Carbohydrate

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32
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptor function

A

Taste

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33
Q

Neurilemma

A

The outermost layer of the Schwann cell wrapping

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34
Q

Sensory neurons
- Other name
- Function
- What horn is this associated with?

A
  • Afferent neurons
  • Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain(incoming signals)
  • Dorsal horn
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35
Q

Order of a nerve impulse(pre-synaptic,post-synaptic, axon terminal)

A

Pre-synaptic cell axon terminal to the post-synaptic cell dendrites

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36
Q

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it is released into the cleft and used?

A
  • Diffuses
  • Recycled and reuptake
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37
Q

Interneurons Function

A

Relay info from place to place within the CNS

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38
Q

What cells are involved in most nervous system tumors?

A

Neuroglia

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39
Q

What type of enzyme would function best in the human body?

A

An enzyme that has high activity/functionality around 37 C or 98 F(the average body temp)

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40
Q

What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?

A

Adenine, Phosphate, ribose

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41
Q

Which body organ plays an important role in detoxifying substances using enzymes like catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase?

A

Liver

42
Q

What does an saturated fat look like? Ex of an saturated fat

A

Straight and these are harder to break down; waxes

43
Q

Sensory impulses entering the spinal cord are transmitted toward the ___________ in __________ tracts of the white matter. Motor impulses traveling from the ___________ are carried in _________ tracts toward the PNS.

A

Brain; ascending

Brain; descending

44
Q

In the human body, what are signal molecules typically?

A

Hormones

45
Q

Adipose means fat, what word means fat cell?

A

Adipocyte

46
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

47
Q

Effector

A

Muscle or gland that carries out any command coming from the nervous system

48
Q

How do humans store carbs?

A

Glycogen

49
Q

Leak channels

A

Constantly leaking to maintain a gradient of sodium and potassium ions

50
Q

Somatic Nervous System
- What does it control?
- What are its effectors?

A
  • Controls voluntary functions
  • Skeletal muscle
51
Q

Know what a lipid looks like

A
52
Q

Axon

A

Neuron fibers that conduct impulses away the cell body.

53
Q

HDL; LDL

A

Good cholesterol; Bad cholesterol

54
Q

Motor neurons
- Other name
- Function
- What horn is this associated with?

A
  • Efferent neurons
  • Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands(outgoing signals)
  • Ventral horn
55
Q

Myelin

A

White fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon. It speeds up conduction because the myelin causes action potentials to jump from node to node.’

56
Q

Examples of proteins in human body

A

Hemoglobin, insulin

57
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulses that pass from one end of the neuron to the other

58
Q

Reflex Arc(5 steps)

A

1- receptor- detects a stimulus
2- sensory neuron
3- CNS or interneuron
4- motor neuron
5- effector- carry out response to a stimulus

59
Q

When your body digests fats(lipids) vs sugars such as glucose, you obtain more energy from which one and why?

A

Lipids because there are more bonds to break which means there is more energy to release.

60
Q

Autonomic Nervous System
- What does it control?
- What are its effectors?

A
  • Controls functions we cannot consciously control
  • Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
61
Q

Neuron function

A

To replay info to or from the CNS or to different places within the CNS itself

62
Q

How does cholesterol affect the cell membrane in low temperatures?

A

helps it from becoming too rigid

63
Q

Synapse/synaptic cleft

A

Gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted

64
Q

Function of DNA

A

Provides the instructions to build proteins

65
Q

Study Organic Molecules, Membrane, Enzymes set

A
66
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

67
Q

What makes an enzyme’s substrate specific?

A

Its shape and if that shape changes or if the enzyme changes then a reaction cannot happen

68
Q

Give a description of an action potential

A

Resting state- -70 mV; More sodium outside and more potassium inside
Depolarization- Sodium goes inside; 40 mV
Repolarization- Potassium goes out
Hyperpolarization- Lots of potassium leaving makes the inside of the cell really negative
Calcium helps the neurotransmitters release
Resting state

69
Q

Practice neuron diagram

A
70
Q

Nodes of Ranvier
- Location
- Function

A
  • Tiny gaps between schwann cells
  • Speeding nerve impulse conduction
71
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Cranial and spinal nerves with sensory and motor fibers. They have impulses traveling to and away from the CNS

72
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System; includes spinal cord and brain

73
Q

Aerobic

A

With air and refers to the body producing energy with the use of oxygen

74
Q

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble getting through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

A sodium ion

75
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

When conduction jumps from node to node due to the myelin sheath. Faster than normal conductionbecause fewer action potentials are needed for an impulse to travel a given distance

76
Q

Schwann cells

A

When myelin is an entire cell that is wrapped along the axon many times like a jelly roll

77
Q

Where are proteins created?

A

The ribosome

78
Q

Neurons make up only 10% of the nervous tissue. What makes up the other 90%?

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

79
Q

Practice looking at a picture with parts of an enzyme; enzyme, active site, substrate, products

A
80
Q

Explain how a single neurotransmitter can stimulate some cells and inhibit others

A

Acetylcholine stimulates PNS and digestive system and inhibits heart so that things slow down.

Norepinephrine stimulates heart but slows down digestive system

81
Q

Practice labeling brain diagrams

A
82
Q

Functions:
Temporal Lobe
Pons
Cerebellum
Primary motor area

A
  • Auditory
  • Breathing
  • Balance and involuntary coordination
  • Movement
83
Q

What are the ridges on the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri

84
Q

What structure contains at least half of the brain’s mass?

A

Cerebrum

85
Q

What are the deep grooves that separate the lobe called?

A

Fissures

86
Q

Functions:
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Regulates body temp, controls water balance, and regulates metabolism
    -Reflex center for vision and hearing
  • heart rate, regulates blood pressures, and is involved in breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
87
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

“excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell

88
Q

Inhbitory neurotransmitter

A

block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther

89
Q

Acetylcholine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Excitatory, opens Ca 2+ channels in muscle to stimulate contraction

90
Q

Dopamine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Excitatory, can be used to increase blood pressure or heart rate during heart attacks
Gives a pleasure/reward sensation
Can slow down and even out muscle contractions – smooth movements
(Parkinson’s disease when this is low)

91
Q

GABA
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Inhibitory, opens Cl- channels

92
Q

Glutamate
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Excitatory, stimulated by Ca2+

93
Q

Norepinephrine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Excitatory, used during stress or danger

94
Q

Serotonin
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?

A

Inhibitory,
Mood and sleep cycles
Emotions
In brain, regulated intensity of actions

95
Q

Why is acetylcholinerase important in the synaptic cleft?

A

Becuase it breaks down the Ach so that your muscles can relax

96
Q

Ionotropic receptor vs metabotropic receptors

A

Iontropic is faster and it has a channel

97
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical capable of binding to the receptor and initiating a reaction

98
Q

Antagonist

A

A chemical that binds to the receptor but does not cause a reaction, effectively blocking that receptor.

99
Q

What is the charge of the inside of the cell? The outside?

A

Negative; positive

100
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

The most important part of “machinery” in the nervous system. For every 2 potassium that goes in, 3 sodium comes out

100
Q

Refractory period

A

When the axon cannot respond to any other stimulus

Anatomy (4 decks)

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