Chapters 2,3,8,9 Flashcards
Nerve
Fiber bundle in the PNS
Dermatome
skin region that is connected to a spinal nerve
Function of hormones
To regulate body functions
Chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
When the cells of a synapse are resting where are neurotransmitters held?
Synaptic vesicles
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System; all nerves outside of the CNS. Includes cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and spinal nerves that send messages to and from the spinal cord.
What does an unsaturated fat look like? Ex of an unsaturated fat
Bent with a double bond on the bottom link of the triglyceride
Oils
Tract
Fiber bundle in the CNS
Neurotransmitter
Chemical signal that transports information across the synaptic cleft
Allosteric site
The spot where noncompetitive inhibitors bind
Parasympathetic system
Rest and digest system
- slowed heart rate and blood pressure
Anaerobic
Without air; refers to the body producing energy without oxygen.
How do we get energy?
ATP makes ADP and P and energy
What bonds holds proteins in a 3D shape?
Hydrogen
Which biomolecule is a part of your body’s structure?(like muscles)
Protein
Gray matter
Unmyelinated and slower
Study picture in notebook labeling different parts of a phospholipid bilayer
Function of the plasma membrane
Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Dendrite
Neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. Sometimes functioning as receptors.
What are 2 places humans store glucose?
Fiber and muscles
Which molecule is important as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain? Without it, no ATP would be produced.
Oxygen
How is information carried throught our nervous system?
Sensory receptors send information to the spinal cord which sends info to the brain. Which then gives info to effectors which send out signals.
White matter
Myelinated and fast
Practice this review
https://classroom.google.com/c/NjgxMzU3MTQ0NjU0/a/NzA1NTA4ODk0Njc3/details
What does the name of an enzyme always end in? A sugar?
-ase; - ose
What makes a reaction stop?
When all substrates are used
Look thru organic molecules review that’s like a mini booklet
What do we use cholesterol for in the body?
To make steroid hormones and membrane
Sympathetic system
Fight or flight response
- increased heart rate and blood pressure
The electron transport chain takes place in which organelle?
mitochondrion
What biomolecule is glucose?
Carbohydrate
G-Protein Coupled Receptor function
Taste
Neurilemma
The outermost layer of the Schwann cell wrapping
Sensory neurons
- Other name
- Function
- What horn is this associated with?
- Afferent neurons
- Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain(incoming signals)
- Dorsal horn
Order of a nerve impulse(pre-synaptic,post-synaptic, axon terminal)
Pre-synaptic cell axon terminal to the post-synaptic cell dendrites
What happens to a neurotransmitter after it is released into the cleft and used?
- Diffuses
- Recycled and reuptake
Interneurons Function
Relay info from place to place within the CNS
What cells are involved in most nervous system tumors?
Neuroglia
What type of enzyme would function best in the human body?
An enzyme that has high activity/functionality around 37 C or 98 F(the average body temp)
What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, Phosphate, ribose
Which body organ plays an important role in detoxifying substances using enzymes like catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase?
Liver
What does an saturated fat look like? Ex of an saturated fat
Straight and these are harder to break down; waxes
Sensory impulses entering the spinal cord are transmitted toward the ___________ in __________ tracts of the white matter. Motor impulses traveling from the ___________ are carried in _________ tracts toward the PNS.
Brain; ascending
Brain; descending
In the human body, what are signal molecules typically?
Hormones
Adipose means fat, what word means fat cell?
Adipocyte
What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Effector
Muscle or gland that carries out any command coming from the nervous system
How do humans store carbs?
Glycogen
Leak channels
Constantly leaking to maintain a gradient of sodium and potassium ions
Somatic Nervous System
- What does it control?
- What are its effectors?
- Controls voluntary functions
- Skeletal muscle
Know what a lipid looks like
Axon
Neuron fibers that conduct impulses away the cell body.
HDL; LDL
Good cholesterol; Bad cholesterol
Motor neurons
- Other name
- Function
- What horn is this associated with?
- Efferent neurons
- Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands(outgoing signals)
- Ventral horn
Myelin
White fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon. It speeds up conduction because the myelin causes action potentials to jump from node to node.’
Examples of proteins in human body
Hemoglobin, insulin
Action potential
Nerve impulses that pass from one end of the neuron to the other
Reflex Arc(5 steps)
1- receptor- detects a stimulus
2- sensory neuron
3- CNS or interneuron
4- motor neuron
5- effector- carry out response to a stimulus
When your body digests fats(lipids) vs sugars such as glucose, you obtain more energy from which one and why?
Lipids because there are more bonds to break which means there is more energy to release.
Autonomic Nervous System
- What does it control?
- What are its effectors?
- Controls functions we cannot consciously control
- Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Neuron function
To replay info to or from the CNS or to different places within the CNS itself
How does cholesterol affect the cell membrane in low temperatures?
helps it from becoming too rigid
Synapse/synaptic cleft
Gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted
Function of DNA
Provides the instructions to build proteins
Study Organic Molecules, Membrane, Enzymes set
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What makes an enzyme’s substrate specific?
Its shape and if that shape changes or if the enzyme changes then a reaction cannot happen
Give a description of an action potential
Resting state- -70 mV; More sodium outside and more potassium inside
Depolarization- Sodium goes inside; 40 mV
Repolarization- Potassium goes out
Hyperpolarization- Lots of potassium leaving makes the inside of the cell really negative
Calcium helps the neurotransmitters release
Resting state
Practice neuron diagram
Nodes of Ranvier
- Location
- Function
- Tiny gaps between schwann cells
- Speeding nerve impulse conduction
Mixed nerves
Cranial and spinal nerves with sensory and motor fibers. They have impulses traveling to and away from the CNS
CNS
Central Nervous System; includes spinal cord and brain
Aerobic
With air and refers to the body producing energy with the use of oxygen
Which of the following substances would have the most trouble getting through the phospholipid bilayer?
A sodium ion
Saltatory conduction
When conduction jumps from node to node due to the myelin sheath. Faster than normal conductionbecause fewer action potentials are needed for an impulse to travel a given distance
Schwann cells
When myelin is an entire cell that is wrapped along the axon many times like a jelly roll
Where are proteins created?
The ribosome
Neurons make up only 10% of the nervous tissue. What makes up the other 90%?
Neuroglia or glial cells
Practice looking at a picture with parts of an enzyme; enzyme, active site, substrate, products
Explain how a single neurotransmitter can stimulate some cells and inhibit others
Acetylcholine stimulates PNS and digestive system and inhibits heart so that things slow down.
Norepinephrine stimulates heart but slows down digestive system
Practice labeling brain diagrams
Functions:
Temporal Lobe
Pons
Cerebellum
Primary motor area
- Auditory
- Breathing
- Balance and involuntary coordination
- Movement
What are the ridges on the cerebrum called?
Gyri
What structure contains at least half of the brain’s mass?
Cerebrum
What are the deep grooves that separate the lobe called?
Fissures
Functions:
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata
- Regulates body temp, controls water balance, and regulates metabolism
-Reflex center for vision and hearing - heart rate, regulates blood pressures, and is involved in breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
Excitatory neurotransmitter
“excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell
Inhbitory neurotransmitter
block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther
Acetylcholine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Excitatory, opens Ca 2+ channels in muscle to stimulate contraction
Dopamine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Excitatory, can be used to increase blood pressure or heart rate during heart attacks
Gives a pleasure/reward sensation
Can slow down and even out muscle contractions – smooth movements
(Parkinson’s disease when this is low)
GABA
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Inhibitory, opens Cl- channels
Glutamate
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Excitatory, stimulated by Ca2+
Norepinephrine
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Excitatory, used during stress or danger
Serotonin
- is it excitatory or inhibitory and what does it do?
Inhibitory,
Mood and sleep cycles
Emotions
In brain, regulated intensity of actions
Why is acetylcholinerase important in the synaptic cleft?
Becuase it breaks down the Ach so that your muscles can relax
Ionotropic receptor vs metabotropic receptors
Iontropic is faster and it has a channel
Agonist
A chemical capable of binding to the receptor and initiating a reaction
Antagonist
A chemical that binds to the receptor but does not cause a reaction, effectively blocking that receptor.
What is the charge of the inside of the cell? The outside?
Negative; positive
Sodium potassium pump
The most important part of “machinery” in the nervous system. For every 2 potassium that goes in, 3 sodium comes out
Refractory period
When the axon cannot respond to any other stimulus
