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Microbiology Professor Berg > Pathogenesis And Epidemiology > Flashcards

Pathogenesis And Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lives on the outside surface of an organism or Cohabiting with

Ex. Cow and bird

A

Ectosymbiont

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2
Q

Live within the host

A

Endosymbiont

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3
Q

One organism benefits the other is not harmed or helped

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

Symbiotic relationship, to organisms in opposition to one another

Ex. Yeast and bacteria in vagina

A

Antagonism

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5
Q

___________ breaks down peptidoglycan in bacteria in our tears

A

Lysozymes

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6
Q

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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7
Q

The ability of The organism to invade and enter the host “ establish it self”

A

Invasiveness

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8
Q

Describes the degree or severity of disease. The Ability to induce severe disease (how bad)

A

Virulence

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9
Q

Opposite of virulence.

A

Attenuation

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10
Q

The cellular changes that occur within the host tissue. Can be used to access death rates instead of entire organism

A

Cytopathology

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11
Q

There is a correlation between mode of transmission and degree of ________

A

Virulence

Direct contact is less virulent and indirect is more

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12
Q

What are the direct contact transmissions?

A

Vertical transmission- from parent to offspring. Ex placenta
Horizontal transmission- Direct from person to person
Droplets-small particles that can only travel less than 1 m

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13
Q

What are in direct contact

Transmissions?

A

Formites- these are items you can touch

Vehicle-nonliving carrier of an infectious agent (food, water, airborne transmission)

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14
Q

What are vectorborne modes of transmission?

A
  • biological vector- Active transmission, pathogen completes part of its lifecycle in the vector before being transmitted
  • mechanical vector-doesn’t require the pathogen to multiply on or within the vector
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15
Q

Could be an animal or dirt, soil, or water. Can harbor pathogen‘s that can be transmitted to a new house to cost disease

A

Reservoir

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16
Q

Complex infectious cycles involve _____ as intermediatories

Ex: mosquitoes, ticks, mites. West Nile in birds (they don’t have it but mosquitoes transfer from birds to people)

A

Vector

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17
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

The tick is both reservoir and vector for the pathogen

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18
Q

In Lyme disease, mice or other small mammals are the _______ , ticks are the _______ for the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Reservoir, vector

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19
Q

In syphilis, humans are the ________, and transmission of the bacteria Treponema pallidum it’s through direct contact with the ______

A

Reservoir

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20
Q

What are the steps for a microbe to cause disease in a host?

A
  • portal of entry
  • surviving host defenses
  • attaching firmly
  • causing damage
  • exit host (portal of exit)
21
Q

_________ originates from outside the host body

_________ already exists within the body of the host

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

22
Q

Involves piercing the skin or mucous membranes

Ex: injected through a needle, nail, insect bite

A

Parental route

23
Q

Also known as “white death”.

Molecules that are secreted by some bacteria that will kill the hosts leukocytes

A

Leukoocidins

24
Q

Type of white blood cell, then golf pathogen’s, some pathogens can evade them

A

Phagocytes

25
Q

What can block phagocytosis or cause incomplete phagocytosis?

A

Bacterial capsules

26
Q

Prevents fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles

A

Protein A

27
Q

Adaptation to invade and establish infection in house. Determines a degree of tissue damage that occurs

A

Virulence factors

Ex: cell wall components like LPS, capsules, pili (adhesions), fimbriae, enzymes, and toxins

28
Q

What are some Exoenzymes that help bacteria induce disease?

“ spreading factors”

A
  • collagenase (enzyme that breaks down the proteins and collagen)
  • hyaluronidase (enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid)
  • mucinase
  • Kertatinase
29
Q

How do you exoenzymes help bacteria induce disease?

A
  • catalase-breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
  • coagulase- conjugates Fibrogen in plasma leading to the formation of a fiber in clot. Can prevent phagocytosis, (gives the organism a chance to multiply within the fiberin clot, increasing the size of the infecting dose)
  • kinases (streptokinase) enzymes that can break down the clots to spread in neighboring tissues
30
Q

These are toxins secreted by live cells

A

Exotoxins

31
Q

Toxins released when the cell is killed

A

Endotoxins (lipid A from LPS)

32
Q

Entry of preformed toxin into the host?

What is it called if it’s in the blood?

A

Intoxications

Toxemia

33
Q

Type of toxin produced by some bacteria. Induces red blood cell lysis
Degrade hemoglobin releasing iron

A

Hemolysins

Alpha hemolysins-partially degrades
Beta- completely degrade the hemoglobin
Gamma-does not produce hemolysis that degrade red blood cells and hemoglobin

34
Q

Causes severe diarrhea, usually from fece contaminated food or water

A

cholera (vibrio cholerae)

cAMP activates ion transport; water follows to cause uncontrollable diarrhea

35
Q

This is what the patient is feeling and describing

A

Symptoms

Like chills, headache, etc.

36
Q

Something that can be observed or measured by the practitioner

A

Signs

Ex: fever, chest sounds, etc.

37
Q

When the body cannot clear an infection. White blood cells surrounding the area of infection to prevent the microbes from spreading

A

Granuloma

38
Q

Lasting effects that remain after the host has recovered (damage from the infection)

A

Sequelae

39
Q

Describe the stages of infectious disease

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal stage (A vague sense of starting to feel the infection)
  • period of illness (Acme- highest Point of infection, fulminating-rapid and severe onset)
  • convalescence period- period Where you either improve or death
40
Q

First epidemiologist, studied Cholera in London

A

John Snow

41
Q

Evaluate occurrence, determinate, distribution in control of health and disease in a defined human population.

determine the causative agent of disease, the source, and or reservoir, mechanisms of transmission, hosts and environmental factors in best control measures

A

Epidemiology

42
Q

First identified case in an epidemic

A

Index case

43
Q

The number of NEW cases in a given area, in a given time period

A

Incidence

44
Q

Depends both on the incidence rate and duration of the illness. Number of TOTAL cases in a given area in a given time.

A

Prevalence

45
Q

Incidence of deaths in a population during a certain period of time

A

Mortality rate

46
Q

Proportion of illness in a population, usually per 1000 people

A

Morbidity rate

47
Q

Types of nosocomial infections

A

Endogenous-brought into the hospital by the patient
Exogenous-The microbiota is different than the patient’s normal flora
Autogenous-caused by the microbiota of the patient despite whether it became part of the patient’s microbiota following and mission

48
Q

Sheltering in place used for people who do not have the disease

A

Isolation

49
Q

Isolating someone who may have been exposed but it’s not showing signs or symptoms yet

A

Quarantine

Microbiology Professor Berg (16 decks)

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