Human Microbiota And Innate Immunity Flashcards
The blood brain barrier and cerebral spinal fluid blocks anything with a mask that is greater than 500 Dalton’s. Need a specific transport system. What is a bacteria that can cross this barrier?
Meningitis
Describe The three lines of host defenses
First line-surface protection by barriers. Could be physical chemical or genetic components.
Second line-Cellular and chemical system that immediately comes into play. Phagocytes inflammation fever cytokines
Third line- specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each micro through the action of specialized white blood cells (adaptive and specific) includes B cells and T cells
What is Cosmo composed of? And what percentage?
What is serum?
60% plasma
Water, electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins
Plasma without clotting proteins. It is used in immune testing and therapy
The process of forming all the blood cells from a stem cell
Where does it occur?
Hematopoiesis
Yolk sac at five weeks, eight weeks in the embryonic liver, four months in red bone marrow
Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to become specialized
What are the two types?
Stem cells
Totipotent stem cells-has total potency. The ability to develop into all types of cells of an organism (zygote)
Pluripotent stem cells-can differentiate into many sauce but not all types of cells (ex: endocrine stem cells)
White blood cells that mature prior to leaving the bone marrow…
White blood cells that are mature but not yet activating will become part of the….
Macrophages and dendritic cells. They become part of the innate immune system and respond to all types of antigens
Adaptive immune response. B and T cells becoming effector cells that respond to specific antigens
This stain at a neutral pH, light lavender staining in the cytoplasm. Most abundant white blood cell, phagocytosis
-tissue injury
Neutrophils (PMN)
Stain blue black with basic dies, non-phagocytic, they release basil active mediators like histamine, Proastins, heparin, serotonin and Lucokines from their granules. Important role in allergies in hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils
Granules that stain red with acidic dies. Defend against protozoan and helyminitic parasites. They kill by releasing cat ionic proteins, reactive oxygen metabolites, major basic proteins, and may play a role in allergic reactions. It is increased in people with allergies.
Eosinophils
_________ produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and anti-microbial peptides. They are the first major line of innate defenses against bacteria
Neutrophils
They can kill intracellularly and extracellularly (NETS)
Similar in appearance in function to basophils. Play an important role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and blood brain barrier functionality. Often associated with allergies
Mast cells
*** they contain inflammatory granules
- Also known as mono nuclear phagocytic leukocytes
- differentiate into macrophages, phagocytes derived from the my myeloid stem cell
Monocytes
- heterogeneous group of cells with neuron like appendages
- professional antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells
-includes T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Differentiation begins in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
- role in innate immunity
- Target viral infected cells, abnormal cells, parasites
- activated by interferons and cytokines
Natural killer cells
-kills by perfume and granzymes
Loss of MHC1 molecule leads to activation of ……
Natural killer cells
What does leukopenia mean?
What is leukocytosis?
A decrease in white blood cells
Elevated white blood cell count
Increase eosinophils could mean….
Increase neutrophils could mean…
Allergies or a parasitic worms infection
Bacterial infection or appendicitis
Diffuse lymphoid tissues…
GLAT
BLAT
SALT
Langerhans cells associated with skin
Secreted by activated macrophages and neutrophils, to bind free iron in the plasma to limit bacterial growth
Lactoferin
Produces super oxide radicals that can lead to DNA damage
Lactoperoxidase
What are the anti-microbial peptides?
- defensins
- cathelcidins
- histatins
Side note* bacteriocons-produced by normal microbiota
Soluble proteins or glycoproteins released by one cell population that acts as an inter-cellular mediator or intercellular signaling molecules. Chemical messengers
Cytokines
Three groups of cytokines
Innate resistance: -interleukins -interferons(alpha and beta/antiviral) gamma -tumor necrosis factors
Adaptive immunity: -interleukins (gamma) enhancing phagocytes, and cytolytic functions, activation of NK cells -Interferons
Hematopoiesis: -interleukins -colony stimulating factors (role in differentiation in maturation of various blood cells from the hematopoietic stem cells)
What induces the production of cytokines?
Non-specific stimuli. Infections, inflammation or T cell antigen interaction
What are the biological effects of cytokines?
To bind to specific receptors on various target cells to induce a wide variety of different activities. Differentiation, proliferation, or apoptosis
A type of cytokinins that stimulates key chemo taxes. (Directed cell movement)
Chemokines
Can be released by macrophages and other cells. Includes proteins like C receptive proteins, function as opzones
Acute phase proteins (CRP)
See reactive proteins test measures the amount of…
C reactive proteins in the blood to measure the general levels of inflammation in the body. Will not show the location or cause though
This protects neighboring cells were not the original cell. Induces cells to produce anti-viral proteins
IFN alpha and beta
Pro inflammatory cytokines, stimulates phagocytic activity of macrophages neutrophils and PMNS
INF gamma
For main ways of pathogen recognition
- lectin-carbohydrate interactions
- protein-protein interactions
- hydrophobic interactions
- pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) (MAMPS)
- PRMs or PRRs (you need to microbes, not present in the host. Ex: liopplouscarides
Transmembrane proteins or proteins bound in the endosome, ER, lysosome.
Function exclusively as signaling receptor to like receptors binding an adjacent signaling receptor that communicated to host cell nucleus to initiate Hosell response
TLR
In cytoplasmic, they bind to intracellular microbial associated molecular patterns. Lead to activation of the inflammasome, play a role in mediating information
Nod-like receptors
__________-cell adhesion molecules on activated capillary endothelial cells
________- adhesion receptors presentation neutrophils
Selectins
Integrins
^^^ both up regulated during acute inflammation
Intensify histamine and kinin effect, pyrogens (increase temperature or fever)
Prostaglandins
Increase permeability a blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
Leukotriens
Antiviral (alpha and beta), activate phagocytes (gamma)
Interferons
Activation, differentiation,pyrogens, upregulate CAM’s/MHC
Cytokines
Walled off area formed when phagocytic cells can’t destroy the pathogen. Sealing off the infection
Granuloma
How is complement activated?
Enzymatic cleavage in a cascade fashion
Complement pathway..
Binding to the surface of the antigen. Not as quick, produces blank products that are involved in oxidation and he Metaxa‘s in formation of membrane attack complex
Classical pathway
Complement pathway..
D, B, P binding to the surface of the pathogen. Nonspecific defenses against bacteria and fungi
Alternate pathway
Complement pathway…
Lectins in the blood binding to Morrows on the surface of the pathogen. Leads to activation of the compliment cascade
Lectin pathway
__________- This is like putting a bull’s-eye on the pathogen it will enhance phagocytosis
Inflammation- mediated C3A, C5A
Formation of MAC
Opsonazation
Threefold complements of cascade
What triggers the hypothalamus to increase core body temperature. This may also cause liver and spleen to remove iron from the blood so it is unavailable to pathogens
Pyrogens
