Lesson 7:Gnomes and Chromosomes, Dna Replication Flashcards
Bacteria and Arcadians have ____ Circular chromosome that is (haploid or diploid?)
And may have ______
1
Haploid
Plasmids
All the chromosomes And genetic material that is within an individual this also includes genetic material in the mitochondria
Genome
Eukaryotes have ____sets of linear chromosomes
Haploid or diploid?
2
Diploid
This is the basic unit of inheritance that is composed of DNA, causes the formation of proteins which determines individual traits
Gene
Position on a chromosome
Gene locus
___________ was first noted in Griffiths experiment demonstrating that DNA was the genetic material
(Extracellular DNA being taken in)
Transformation
Humans over ___ million kilo bases in length
3
Differentiate the bacterial and eukaryotic Genome
Eukaryotic- 2900, over 100,000,000 kilobase pairs
-Linear in nucleus
Prokaryotic- 130-14,000 kilo base pairs in length chromosomes
-Singulair, double-stranded, circular chromosomes
Small extra chromosome all molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the cell.
Independent replicons
Usually in bacteria sometimes fungi in few Cortizone ‘s. Contains information for survival and advantages like drug resistance
Plasmids
What is the percentage of non-coding DNA and eukaryotes versus prokaryotes?
eukaryotes is more than 90%
Prokaryotes is less than 15%
Sequence of nucleotides to produce a functional RNA molecule to synthesize a protein
Structural genes
Regulate the expression of a structural gene. Do not encode proteins rather regulate RNA production from an adjacent structural gene
Control genes
Code for one protein and operate independently of all other genes.
-One promoter, one Gene*
Monocistronic
Code for several proteins, exist in tandem with other genes in a unit called an operon.
-One promoter in multiple genes, Then transcribed in translated as a unit
Polycistronic
If multiple genes or operons are involved in the same bio chemical process and are controlled by the same regulatory proteins
Regulon
This is attached to the five prime carbon of a five carbon sugar
Phosphate
The nitrogenous base attaches to the ____prime carbon of the sugar
The base pairs are…
1’
C-G
A-T(in DNA)
U (RNA only)
Purines:
Pyrimidines:
A, G
C,T,U
Do you know is a Palmer of nucleotides connected by _____ Phosphodiester bonds
Creates a sugar phosphate backbone on the outside of DNA molecule
5’-3’
_______ bonds hold strands together
Temperature over 50°C the bonds in the DNA can break (denature)
Hydrogen
Chagos rules…
AT and CG rule
A-T two hydrogen bonds
G-C three hydrogen bonds
_____ nucleotides in each strand per complete 360 turn of the helix
10 nucleotides
.34 nmin space
Enzymes that change DNA super coiling
Topisomerase
Type 1-Cleves one strand of double helix to release or unwind super coils
-breaks and then religates the strand
Type 2-cleaves two strands, uses energy to add super coils (EX: DNA gyrase)
Replication and bacteria begins at a single define DNA sequence called the…..
OriC
After initiation of replication a ___________ forms at the origin. It contains two replication fork‘s that move in opposite directions around the chromosome
Replication bubble
DNA Polymerase will join the nucleotides by way of _________ bonds
Phosphodiester
- opposite of the oriC
- terminates at a defined site
Terminus (ter)
This catalyze is the formation of the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
DNA polymerase
- cannot add a nucleotide to a pre-existing DNA or RNA fragment. They are also processes, once it starts it’s continuous
RNA polymerase cannot synthesize RNA without a primer
TRUE OR FALSE
False
RNA polymerase can synthesize RNA without a primer
What direction is DNA synthesize?
Unidirectional five prime to three prime
In E.coli there are ____ DNA polymerases…
5
- DNA POL1 and 3- normal DNA Replication
- DNA pol 2,4,5- DNA Repair and damaged DNA
Initiator protein that plays a role in recognition of the oriC site
DNA-A-ATP
What binds together to form primosome?
- DNA helicase (DNA-B)
- DNA primase
Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied
DNA helicase (DNA-B)
Synthesizers and RNA primer a type of RNA polymerase. Synthesize of the short RNA primers that are typically 10 to 12 nucleotides in length
DNA primase
Leads the way at the replication fork. Physically associated with the DNA polymerase holoenzyme forming the replisome ensures the leading and lagging strand are synthesize simultaneous in an overall five prime to three prime direction
Primosome/ replisome
AKA The beta subunit will tether the DNA polymerase to the DNA molecule, without it DNA polymerase would frequently fall off the DNA molecule
Sliding clamp protein
Eliminates the super coiling upstream from the replication fork as the double strand is unwound
Topoisomerase (Gyrase)
Helps keep the fork open. They bind to the DNA at the replication fork, keeping the fork open
Single strand binding proteins
The enzyme that synthesizes the formation of the new daughter strand by facilitating the phosphodiester bond between the adjacent nucleotides in the growing DNA molecule
DNA polymerase three
Cleves the RNA primer also known as exonuclease because its role is to remove the RNA primers. The enzyme will then synthesize a DNA stretch using the three prime hydroxyl end of the pre-existing DNA fragments as a priming site
Rnase/DNA polymerase one
An enzyme that will conveniently link The Okazaki fragments together after DNA polymerase one has filled in the gaps where the primers were removed. A catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bond between the three prime hydroxyl and five prime phosphate on either side of the Rick to seal it
DNA ligase
-opposite to oriC
___ stop counterclockwise forks
___ stop clockwise forks
T1
T2
Binds to the term sequence, it can then stop the movement of the replication fork‘s. Do you know replication will and when oppositely advancing forks meet usually at T1 or T2
DNA ligase conveniently links to the two daughter DNA strands together
Tus (termination utilization substance)
Ringed _______ formed at the completion of replication or separated by topoisomerase
Catenanes
(Replication results in two intertwined molecules) ^^^
Plasmid can replicate autonomously in what two different ways?
- bidirectional Replication
- Rolling-Circle Replication
How is eukaryotic DNA replication different from prokaryotic DNA replication?
- multiple origins of replication
- telomerase- allows an RNA primer to be synthesize so genetic info is not lost
- histones to pack proteins within nucleosome
- cell cycle regulation
- non-coding DNA (introns)
Is telomerase active in most somatic cells?
No, so they have a limited number of divisions and lifespan
Active in stem cells in cells that have become immortalize (cancer cells)
Aging disease that is associated with telomere length
Progeria’s- Hutchinson-Gilford & Werner syndrome
Chromosome duplication occurs during ____ phase and segregation of progeny chromosomes during _____ phase.
S
M
