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Microbiology Professor Berg > Lesson 7:Gnomes and Chromosomes, Dna Replication > Flashcards

Lesson 7:Gnomes and Chromosomes, Dna Replication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria and Arcadians have ____ Circular chromosome that is (haploid or diploid?)
And may have ______

A

1
Haploid
Plasmids

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2
Q

All the chromosomes And genetic material that is within an individual this also includes genetic material in the mitochondria

A

Genome

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3
Q

Eukaryotes have ____sets of linear chromosomes

Haploid or diploid?

A

2

Diploid

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4
Q

This is the basic unit of inheritance that is composed of DNA, causes the formation of proteins which determines individual traits

A

Gene

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5
Q

Position on a chromosome

A

Gene locus

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6
Q

___________ was first noted in Griffiths experiment demonstrating that DNA was the genetic material
(Extracellular DNA being taken in)

A

Transformation

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7
Q

Humans over ___ million kilo bases in length

A

3

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8
Q

Differentiate the bacterial and eukaryotic Genome

A

Eukaryotic- 2900, over 100,000,000 kilobase pairs
-Linear in nucleus

Prokaryotic- 130-14,000 kilo base pairs in length chromosomes
-Singulair, double-stranded, circular chromosomes

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9
Q

Small extra chromosome all molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the cell.
Independent replicons
Usually in bacteria sometimes fungi in few Cortizone ‘s. Contains information for survival and advantages like drug resistance

A

Plasmids

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10
Q

What is the percentage of non-coding DNA and eukaryotes versus prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes is more than 90%

Prokaryotes is less than 15%

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11
Q

Sequence of nucleotides to produce a functional RNA molecule to synthesize a protein

A

Structural genes

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12
Q

Regulate the expression of a structural gene. Do not encode proteins rather regulate RNA production from an adjacent structural gene

A

Control genes

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13
Q

Code for one protein and operate independently of all other genes.
-One promoter, one Gene*

A

Monocistronic

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14
Q

Code for several proteins, exist in tandem with other genes in a unit called an operon.
-One promoter in multiple genes, Then transcribed in translated as a unit

A

Polycistronic

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15
Q

If multiple genes or operons are involved in the same bio chemical process and are controlled by the same regulatory proteins

A

Regulon

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16
Q

This is attached to the five prime carbon of a five carbon sugar

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

The nitrogenous base attaches to the ____prime carbon of the sugar

The base pairs are…

A

1’
C-G
A-T(in DNA)

U (RNA only)

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18
Q

Purines:
Pyrimidines:

A

A, G

C,T,U

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19
Q

Do you know is a Palmer of nucleotides connected by _____ Phosphodiester bonds
Creates a sugar phosphate backbone on the outside of DNA molecule

A

5’-3’

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20
Q

_______ bonds hold strands together

Temperature over 50°C the bonds in the DNA can break (denature)

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

Chagos rules…

A

AT and CG rule
A-T two hydrogen bonds
G-C three hydrogen bonds

22
Q

_____ nucleotides in each strand per complete 360 turn of the helix

A

10 nucleotides

.34 nmin space

23
Q

Enzymes that change DNA super coiling

A

Topisomerase

Type 1-Cleves one strand of double helix to release or unwind super coils
-breaks and then religates the strand

Type 2-cleaves two strands, uses energy to add super coils (EX: DNA gyrase)

24
Q

Replication and bacteria begins at a single define DNA sequence called the…..

A

OriC

25
Q

After initiation of replication a ___________ forms at the origin. It contains two replication fork‘s that move in opposite directions around the chromosome

A

Replication bubble

26
Q

DNA Polymerase will join the nucleotides by way of _________ bonds

A

Phosphodiester

27
Q
  • opposite of the oriC

- terminates at a defined site

A

Terminus (ter)

28
Q

This catalyze is the formation of the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

  • cannot add a nucleotide to a pre-existing DNA or RNA fragment. They are also processes, once it starts it’s continuous
29
Q

RNA polymerase cannot synthesize RNA without a primer

TRUE OR FALSE

A

False

RNA polymerase can synthesize RNA without a primer

30
Q

What direction is DNA synthesize?

A

Unidirectional five prime to three prime

31
Q

In E.coli there are ____ DNA polymerases…

A

5

  • DNA POL1 and 3- normal DNA Replication
  • DNA pol 2,4,5- DNA Repair and damaged DNA
32
Q

Initiator protein that plays a role in recognition of the oriC site

A

DNA-A-ATP

33
Q

What binds together to form primosome?

A
  • DNA helicase (DNA-B)

- DNA primase

34
Q

Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied

A

DNA helicase (DNA-B)

35
Q

Synthesizers and RNA primer a type of RNA polymerase. Synthesize of the short RNA primers that are typically 10 to 12 nucleotides in length

A

DNA primase

36
Q

Leads the way at the replication fork. Physically associated with the DNA polymerase holoenzyme forming the replisome ensures the leading and lagging strand are synthesize simultaneous in an overall five prime to three prime direction

A

Primosome/ replisome

37
Q

AKA The beta subunit will tether the DNA polymerase to the DNA molecule, without it DNA polymerase would frequently fall off the DNA molecule

A

Sliding clamp protein

38
Q

Eliminates the super coiling upstream from the replication fork as the double strand is unwound

A

Topoisomerase (Gyrase)

39
Q

Helps keep the fork open. They bind to the DNA at the replication fork, keeping the fork open

A

Single strand binding proteins

40
Q

The enzyme that synthesizes the formation of the new daughter strand by facilitating the phosphodiester bond between the adjacent nucleotides in the growing DNA molecule

A

DNA polymerase three

41
Q

Cleves the RNA primer also known as exonuclease because its role is to remove the RNA primers. The enzyme will then synthesize a DNA stretch using the three prime hydroxyl end of the pre-existing DNA fragments as a priming site

A

Rnase/DNA polymerase one

42
Q

An enzyme that will conveniently link The Okazaki fragments together after DNA polymerase one has filled in the gaps where the primers were removed. A catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bond between the three prime hydroxyl and five prime phosphate on either side of the Rick to seal it

A

DNA ligase

43
Q

-opposite to oriC
___ stop counterclockwise forks
___ stop clockwise forks

A

T1

T2

44
Q

Binds to the term sequence, it can then stop the movement of the replication fork‘s. Do you know replication will and when oppositely advancing forks meet usually at T1 or T2
DNA ligase conveniently links to the two daughter DNA strands together

A

Tus (termination utilization substance)

45
Q

Ringed _______ formed at the completion of replication or separated by topoisomerase

A

Catenanes

(Replication results in two intertwined molecules) ^^^

46
Q

Plasmid can replicate autonomously in what two different ways?

A
  • bidirectional Replication

- Rolling-Circle Replication

47
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA replication different from prokaryotic DNA replication?

A
  • multiple origins of replication
  • telomerase- allows an RNA primer to be synthesize so genetic info is not lost
  • histones to pack proteins within nucleosome
  • cell cycle regulation
  • non-coding DNA (introns)
48
Q

Is telomerase active in most somatic cells?

A

No, so they have a limited number of divisions and lifespan

Active in stem cells in cells that have become immortalize (cancer cells)

49
Q

Aging disease that is associated with telomere length

A

Progeria’s- Hutchinson-Gilford & Werner syndrome

50
Q

Chromosome duplication occurs during ____ phase and segregation of progeny chromosomes during _____ phase.

A

S

M

Microbiology Professor Berg (16 decks)

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