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Microbiology Professor Berg > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain cell mediated immunity

A

-cells that are infected present antigen to cytotoxic T cells (this activates them)
-cytotoxic T cells can destroy cells by perforin
Or by….
Macrophages present to T-helper cells that activate cytotoxic T cells

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2
Q

Explain humoral immune response

A
  • macrophages consume the pathogen and then present the antigen on the surface
  • this then binds to helper T cell
  • this then stimulates a B cell (B cells can also be activated by free antigens)
  • B cells make antibodies that deactivate the pathogen
  • these antibodies can also signal to macrophages to get them
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3
Q

Memory T cells can….

A

Activate cytotoxic T cells to go after infected cells

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4
Q

Memory B cells…

A

Has a memory of the antigen, activates plasma B cells that then produce antibodies

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5
Q

Where do B cells originate and mature?

A

In the bone marrow

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6
Q

B cells are ______ in blood and lymph.

When exposed to the pathogen they multiply and become _______ cells, and then _________.

A

Naive,
Effector cells,
Memory B cells

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7
Q

Is cellular or Humoral defenses associated with T cells?

A

Cellular defenses

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8
Q

Is humeral or cellular defenses associated with white blood cells and antibodies?

A

Humoral

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9
Q

What would happen if cells lost MCH 1?

A

Natural killer cells would poke it

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10
Q

What are phagocytes in the immune system?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes) —-> macrophages (macrophages can do it over and over again unlike neutrophils

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11
Q 
What are the antigen presenting cells?
And what MCH class are they?
A

Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages

MCH class two

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12
Q

Can helper T cells kill directly?

A

No but they activate cells that deal. They raise the alarm to tell other immune cells there is a problem. The release cytokines that activate T cells and finish training of the cells

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13
Q

Can cytotoxic T cells kill cells?

A

Can kill cells by granzymes and perforans

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14
Q

This is another type of effector cell. Tell other immune cells to stand down when the initial threat is handled

A

Regulatory T cells

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15
Q

Humoral is ________ mediated. B cells/ _______cells

Cell mediated involves ____ cells

A

Antibody
Plasma cells

T

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16
Q

What are the attributes of adaptive immunity?

A
  • unresponsiveness to self
  • specificity
  • inducible
  • clonality
  • memory
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17
Q

Protein or polysaccharide on or in cells and viruses

A

Epitope or antigenic determinate

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18
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Substance perceived as foreign that can stimulate a response by T & or B cells

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19
Q

This is an antigen that has the potential to induce immune response. They are so small that they usually do not induce an immune response on their own. If engulfed and presented on a cell it would then be large enough to activate an immune response

A

Haptens

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20
Q

What factors influence antigenicity/immunogenicity?

A
  • foreigness
  • size of dose/threshold does
  • size of antigen
  • Chemical composition
  • physical form
  • degradability
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21
Q

How do you cells differentiate cell from non-self?

A

MHC major histocompatibility complex (integral membrane proteins)

human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

Group of jeans on chromosome six. Important in determining histocompatibility

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22
Q

On the surface of all nucleated body cells. Allows for regeneration of self and regulate immune reactions against all tissues of the body. Unique to person

Endo or exo?

A

MHC-1

Comes from inside the cell (endo)

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23
Q

On antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells) presentation of antigens on these antigen presenting cells to these T cells

Not RBC

Exo or endo?

A

MHC-2

Exo (outside the cell)

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24
Q

Proteins that are involved in the complement system includes red blood cells

A

MHC- 3

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25
Q

B cells differentiate into ______ cells which is full of rough ER to synthesize proteins/antibodies

A

Plasma

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26
Q

MHC1 binds to antigen peptides that originate in cytoplasm and present antigen to …

A

CD8 T cells

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27
Q

MHC 2 binds to antigen fragments that come from outside cell and present to….

APC’s= macrophages, dendritic cells,
and B cells

A

CD 4 T helper cells

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28
Q

Response to each individual epitope is clonal, meaning….

A

Gives rise to a population of cells that originate from a single cell and are clones

29
Q

What happens when a B cell is stimulated?

A

Generate plasma cells that secrete antibodies against the antigen

30
Q

Humoral immune response requires several cell types and ________ interactions

A

Cell-to-cell

31
Q

Cross-reactivity to similar epitopes can happen, what is an example?

A

Cowpox and smallpox

Discovered by Edward Jenner

32
Q

Describe the structure of immunoglobulins

A
  • Glycoproteins
  • two functionally distinct fragments (FAb fragment: variable regions of heavy and light chains)(hyper variable region, the site on antibody where epitope binds)
  • Fc fragment: Constant region
33
Q

Four polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds

A

Glycoproteins

34
Q

The site on the antibody were the epitope binds

A

Hypervariable region

35
Q

Determines isotype

Binds cells, antibodies and molecules of immune system (complement)

A

Fc fragment

36
Q

We can synthesize _____ different unique antibodies

A

10^11

37
Q

Antibody diversity attributed to combinatorial joining (5 million) in the human germ line

  • _________ aka hypermutation
  • _________ at the junctions of VJ and VDJ
A

Somatic mutation

Recombinantorrial splicing

38
Q

Shared by all members of a species

A

Isotypes

39
Q

Shared by some, but not all members

A

Allotypes

40
Q

Changes within the same antibody class, in the same individual

A

Idiotypes

41
Q

75% or 20% of all plasma proteins, main isotype class in the blood

  • monomer
  • two binding sites
  • in blood, length, and intestine
  • Fix compliment, opsonin, neutralize toxins in viruses, may cross placenta protecting fetus and newborn
A

IgG

42
Q

What is the second antibody isotype to respond?

A

IgG

43
Q

4 (as dimer) or 2 as monomer

  • 15-20% serum antibodies
  • mucosal protection, in tears, milk, saliva, mucus
  • only antibody isotype found in breastmilk
A

IgA

44
Q
  • pentamer in serum, monomer on B cells as a receptor
  • in blood, in length, and on B cells
  • first antibody produced (first to respond)
  • can activate the classical pathway
A

IgM

45
Q
  • not well understood antibody isotype
  • in blood, in length, and I’ll be sauce. Tends to buy into mass cells at the Fe region
  • BCR, innate immune responses on B cells
A

IgD

46
Q
  • found on mass cells, basophils and in blood
  • acute hypersensitivity/allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
  • antibodies are secreted by plasma cells, they do not directly kill they eliminate or inactivate the target
A

IgE

47
Q

How do you antibodies eliminate/inactivate their targets?

A
  • neutralization
  • opsonization (antibodies place tag on it, to signal that phagocytes need to come)
  • oxidation
  • agglutination
  • complement activation
  • ADCC(when bound to the target it activates other cells like natural killer and eosinophils to come in and kill) final reaction
48
Q

B cell development begins and ends in __________ (hematopoiesis)

A

Red bone marrow

49
Q

B cells are primarily in …

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

50
Q

The cells differentiate into _________ and __________.

A

Antibody producing plasma cells

Memory cells

51
Q

Humoral immune response to antigen occurs when…

A

The antigen is recognized by the host’s B cells for the first time

52
Q

During a secondary exposure immune response, secrete more _____ than ____

A

IgG, igM

53
Q

T independent antigens:
Antigens stimulate the cells to make only ____
This is weaker than T dependent response

A

IgM

-doesn’t include maturation response that leads to class switching
Poor memory induction to T independent antigens
54
Q

T- ___________ : antigens presented on MHC 2 to T helper cell

  • most protein antigens are of this type
  • t-helper cells produce cytokines activate activate B cells
  • all antibody types produced
A

T- dependent

55
Q

What cells are the link between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

They respond to intracellular pathogen‘s and abnormal body cells

56
Q

What are the locations of T cells?

A

Begin development in red bone marrow and completed in time is gland. Localized in secondary lymphoid tissue

57
Q

Mature T cells are naïve until….

Once activated proliferate into ________ cells and _______ cells

A

They are activated by antigen presentation

Requires MHC recognition

Effector cells and memory cells (clonal expansion)
-all produce cytokines with a spectrum of biological effects

58
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • kills infected or cancerous host cells

- upon activation cytotoxic T cells leave lymph node and find host cells presenting same antigen

59
Q

Where does T cell education in deletion occur?

What does negative selection test for?

A

Thymus

Self tolerance (If T cell binds to strongly or binds south MHC that isn’t presenting antigen, or presenting self antigen, it will fail negative selection —-> apoptosis
-it should only weekly bind to Self MHC presenting foreign antigen
60
Q

_________ cells Block activation of harmful self reactive lymphocytes. They prevent auto immune disease

A

Regulatory T cells

61
Q

All nucleated cells have MHC one, and can be killed by _____ cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

62
Q

Of the four types of hyper sensitive reactions which ones are cell mediated and which ones are antibody mediated?

A

Type 1-3 are antibody mediated

Type 4 is cell mediated

63
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction

  • results from a release of inflammatory molecules often called allergy
  • immediate
A

Type one (immediate)

Associated with mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

64
Q

Explain the process of a type one hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • B cells are activated in differentiate into plasma cells
  • release IGE antibodies
  • bind to FC receptors on the surface of mast cells
  • degranulation – a Denteley cyclase
  • mass cells release granules causing allergies
65
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction
-due to IgG and IgM (complement)
Ex?

A

Type two cytotoxic reactions

Ex: blood type incompatibility, transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of newborns

66
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction

  • antibodies to soluble antigens, immune complex reactions
  • injection of antiserum
  • Recruit neutrophils
A

Type three hypersensitivity

Ex: lupus, arthritis, Arthrus

67
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction

  • delayed delayed, cell mediated immunity response
  • involved with tissue transplants
  • hapten is presented on the cells surface to cytotoxic T cells
A

Type four hypersensitivity (delayed)

68
Q

Tissue transplant from one part of the individual to another part…

Transfer between identical twins…

A

Autograft

Isograft

69
Q

Tissue Transferred from same species…

Tissue transplant from a different species..

A

Allograft

Xenograft

Microbiology Professor Berg (16 decks)

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