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Microbiology Professor Berg > Chapter 1: Microbial Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Microbial Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are all microbes microscopic?

A

No. EX: Thiomargaria namibiensis (largest bacteria, .1-.3 mm)

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2
Q

Types of nonliving microbes

A
  • viruses
  • prions (found in neurons in the brain, causes misfolded proteins
  • viroids
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3
Q

What are two diseases caused by prions in humans?

A
  • vCJD

- bovine spongiform encephalopathy, AKA mad cow disease

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4
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

What are some characteristics?

A

“Before kernel (nucleus)”

  • cytosol as opposed to cytoplasm
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus but they have nucleoid and ribosomes
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5
Q

What does eukaryotes mean?

What are some characteristics?

A

“ True nucleus”

  • larger, 10-100 microns in diameter
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • cytoplasm
  • membrane bound organelles
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6
Q
  • Secretes mucollagenous substance
  • numerous bacteria which are attached to each other as well as the surface
  • The form where water is
A

Biofilms

Ex: plaque, biofilm in Pipes in spas

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7
Q

Groups of individuals cells

A

Colonies

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8
Q

Where do microbes live?

A
  • ubiquitous (beneficial and pathogenic)
  • May be free living
  • May form communities (colonies, biofilms)
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9
Q

Three types of acellular microbes

A

-viruses,
Composed of proteins and nucleic acid
-viroids, composed of RNA (plant diseases)
-prions, composed of proteins)

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10
Q

Hansen’s disease, mycobacterium (acid fast + bacterium) AKA…

A

Leprosy

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11
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

AKA Bubonic plague or black death

Transmission rodent fleas are handling an infected animal
1/3 to 1/4 European died

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12
Q

Sedlec Ossuary

A

Small Roman catholic chapel,

Decorated with skulls from the plague 1300s

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13
Q

First nurse to recognize the impact of disease on soldiers, first to use medical statistics to demonstrate mortality

A

Florence Nightingale

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14
Q
  • built first compound microscope (two lenses of magnification)
  • first to view view cork plant cells and mold
  • published micrographia
  • coined the term “cell”
A

Robert Hooke

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15
Q

Was the first to apply the word “cell” to biological objects. He coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, remind him of cells in a honeycomb

A

Robert Hooke

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16
Q
  • A cloth Draper
  • built single lens magnifiers, complete with sample holders and focus adjustment
  • first to observe single celled microbes, called them “animacules” (tiny animals, mostly unicellular)
A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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17
Q
  • for elements required (fire, Earth, air, water)

- Aristotle thought living organisms could develop from nonliving materials with the elements

A

Spontaneous generation a.k.a. Abiogenesis

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18
Q

Who contributed to disapproving spontaneous generation?

A
  • Francisco Redi (experiments with meat and maggots
  • Lazzaro Spallanzaoni (boiled beef broth, failed to grow any microbes)
  • Louis Pasteur (devised “swan-neck” flaks), show that after boiling the contents remain free of microbial growth despite access to air
  • ** prove the theory of biogenesis
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19
Q

What other scientific contributions did Louis Pasteur make?

A
  • discovered many of basic principles of microbiology
  • pasteurization (does not completely sanitize just reduces microbes) he did this with wine to avoid spoilage
  • discovered that alcohol fermentation is caused by yeast
  • immunology (chickens became immune to bacterial disease if injected attenuated pathogen, produce vaccines against many organisms, first rabies vaccine)
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20
Q

Developed Fowel Cholera and rabies vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy, acid fast + bacterium

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22
Q

Yersinia petit

A

Bubonic plague or Black Death
Transmitted by rodent fleas
1/3 to 1/4 of Europeans died

23
Q

Who proved the germ theory of disease?

Propose that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogen‘s

A

Pasteur

24
Q

Who studied the etiology of disease

  • anthrax
  • _______ postulates
A

Robert Koch

Koch’s postulates

25
Q

Who helped pave the way for Robert Koch?

A

Angelina and Walther Hesse (solid medium using agar)

Julius Petri (Petri dishes)

26
Q
  • German physician
  • developed principles and methods crucial to microbial investigation
  • supplied his methods to the study of several lethal diseases around the world
A

Robert koch

27
Q

Are an ordered side of criteria for establishing a causative link between an infectious agent and a disease

A

Koch’s postulates

28
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Suspected microbe is always present in diseased host (absent in healthy host)
  2. Suspected microbe is grown in pure culture outside host (no other microbes present in culture)
  3. Cultured microbe is introduced into a healthy host. Individuals become sick with the same disease as original host.
  4. Same microbial suspect is re-isolated from sick individual
29
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  • not all microbes can be grown in vitro
  • more than one micro produces the same disease
  • disease is caused by combinations of pathogen‘s
  • One microbe that causes multiple diseases
  • strictly human diseases with no animal model
  • diseases in which pathogen‘s have been ignored
30
Q

Who coined the word vaccination? He infected patients with cowpox
He was widely ridiculed

A

Edward Jenner

31
Q

Who made significant contributions towards infection control?
He kept getting pushed out of hospitals for his “radical ideas”
-observed decrease death rate in midwives ward versus Dr. ward
* linked puerperal fever to “cadaver particles”
-Preliminary aseptic technique‘s

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

32
Q
  • Credit for first aseptic technique‘s (Advanced idea of antisepsis)
  • carbolic acid (phenol) solution

Considered father of anti-septic surgery

A

Joseph Lister

33
Q

Who made significant contributions to chemotherapy?

A
  • Alexander Fleming
  • linked bacterial growth inhibition by penicillin
  • discovered lysozymes (enzyme found in tears and nasal mucus) by chance
  • Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
  • developed penicillin (purified penicillin to be used)
34
Q

Dmitri Ivanovsky

A

Discover the cause of tobacco mosaic virus through infectious leaves
Filterable pathogens‘s

35
Q

Martinus Beijerinck

A

Was the first to call tobacco mosaic a virus

36
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Extracted the Tobacco mosaic virus and pure crystals (viruses made of proteins in an RNA)

37
Q

Percentage of microbes that can be studied

A

Less than 1%

38
Q
  • Russian scientist he was among the first to study microbes and natural habitats
  • discovered lithotrophs
  • developed enrichment cultures
  • built the ________ column,
A

Sergei Winogradsky

39
Q

The Winogradsky column

A

A model of a wetland ecosystem containing regions of enrichment for microbes utilizing diverse metabolism‘s

40
Q

Pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic compartments of the earth called the biosphere and the abiotic compartments (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere)
-reservoirs(can remove for long periods of time)

A

Biogeochemical cycles

41
Q

-diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate usually of mineral origin to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis

A

Lithotrophs

42
Q
  • Oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source, forming intracellular sulfur droplets
  • inhabit marine or freshwater environments

Who first discovered this?

A

Beggiatoa (lithotroph)

Winogradsky

43
Q

Process by which organisms derive energy from a number of different in organic compounds and obtain carbon in the form of CO2

Who first discovered?

A

Chemoautotrophy

Winogradsky

44
Q

A microbe living symbiotically inside of a larger organism

A

Endosymbiont

Ex: rhizobia, remnant animals and insects, human intestinal bacteria

45
Q

2 kingdom system

3 kingdom system

4 kingdom system

5 kingdom system

A

2- Linnaeus
3- Ernst Haeckel
4-Herbert Copland
5- Robert Whittaker

46
Q

Who proposed that organelles evolve through Endosymbiosis?

A

Lynn Margulis

She modified the five kingdom system dramatically

47
Q

What evidence supports the Endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size in morphology to bacterial prokaryotes cells
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in their own ribosomes
  • have their own cell membrane
  • both replicate independently of the cell by binary fission
  • phylogenetic studies demonstrate that mitochondria and chloroplasts are related to bacteria
48
Q

Who divided prokaryote into eubacteria and archeobacteria?

A

Carl Woese

49
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya

50
Q

Who discovered bacterial transformation? We’re bacteria could transfer genetic info to nearby cells

A

Fredrick Griffith

51
Q

Who discovered DNA is the genetic material

A

Oswald Avery

52
Q

Who discovered DNA structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick

53
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Suggests RNA was the first self replicating genetic reserve

Describes a pre-cellular stage in which RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information as well as catalyzing other metabolic reactions
Early cells may have been liposomes “ pseudo cells” containing RNA

54
Q

A piece of RNA that can replicate itself

Like an RNA-based enzyme

A

Ribozymes

Microbiology Professor Berg (16 decks)

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