Lesson 5: Eukaryotic Diversity, Microbial Diversity And Symbiosis Flashcards
Single celled colonial eukaryote other than fungus
Protist
Protists that are single-celled heterotrophs
Protozoa
- eumycota, metazoa, microsporidians, chanoflagelletes
- presence of unpaired Flagella (reproductive cells have single flagellum)
Opisthokonts
- amoeba
- slime molds
- Rhizarians (have thin filaments pseudopods that extends from an inorganic shell called a “test”
Amoebazoa (branch near opisthokonts)
have thin filamentous pseudopods that extends from and inorganic shell called a “test”
Rhizarians
Algae evolved by engulfing _________
Phototrophs
Chloroplast evolved from engulfed_________.
Cyanobacterium
Primary endosymbiont…
Green algae (chlorophytes) and red algae (rhodopytes)
Secondary endosymbiont…
Includes charophyte algae
- nucleomorph
- includes kelps and diatoms
Ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans
Alveolates
Oomycetes, diatoms, and kelps
Stramenopiles (Heterokonts)
-stramenopiles, alveolate, Rhizarians
SAR clade
Discoba (euglenas and trypanosomes), metamonada (their mitochondria have lost their genomes and have generated into a mitocell) ex: Giardia
Excavata
What is mycology?
Study of fungi
Fungi absorption nutrition…
- Chemohetrotrophs
- sparophytes (acquire nutrients from dead organic materials by releasing and science to digest)
- osmotrophs
Unique characteristics of fungi in the cell wall and plasma membrane
- chitin in cell wall
- estrosteral in PM (analogous to cholesterol found in animal cells)
Relationship between fungus and cyanobacteria or fungus and algae
Lichen
Diseases caused by fungi
Mycoses
Most come from accidental contact with soil, water, or dust
____% of crops are consumed by fungi
40
Reproductive mold spores are called?
Conidia
Fungal cell wall…
- glucan
- Mannan
- glycoproteins
- chitin (strong flexible flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide consisting of n-acetyl glucosamine
Fungi that are often yeast-like at 37°C (body temperature), and mold like at room temperature
Dimorphism in fungi
How do you fungi reproduce?
- sexual (haploid and diploid)
- asexual (mitosis, budding, and fragmentation)
Arthrocondida (arthrospores)-
Condidiospores-
Fragmenting hyphae
Not contained in a sack, produced at tips or sides of the hyphae
Three phases of the sexual cycle in fungi
- plasmogamy- cytoplasmic fusion. Results with a cell with two nuclei (called a dikaryotic cell) two haploid nuclei, at this point mitosis may occur several times
- karyogamy- The two nuclei fuse. This produces a true diploid zygote,
- meiosis, to yield haploid spores to start the lifecycle again
-simple, free living, saprophytic or parasitic forms (responsible for large scale amphibian mortality)
-motile, flagellated zoospores that form cysts in a poor environment
-sexual and asexual reproduction
Alternatively, the diploid mycelium undergoes muses to form a haploid mycelium that produces motile gametes
Chytridiomycota
- saprophytes
- coenocytic hyphea with many haploid nuclei
- asexual 5Ariel dispersal) and sexual (produce hormones when environmental conditions are not favorable, causes hyphae to produce gametes that will eventually fuse forming the zygote
Zygomycetes
- includes (Rhizopus stolonifer) AKA black bread mold
- mucor
- industrial importance
- infections often develop in face and head area
Zygomycete
- critical ecological importance, they are the Symbiant seen with vascular plants
- aseptate hyphae with large multi nucleated spores
- only asexual reproduction (fragmentation of filaments)
Glomeromycota
- AKA sac fungi
- most common type to infect humans***
- largest group of fungi (includes yeast in molds mostly but also lichens, morels, truffles and cap fungi
- free living, terrestrial and pathogenic forms
- used to make cheese, antibiotics, causes allergies
Ascomycota
Most common superficial infection and invasive disease in
immunocompromise people. 50 to 100% mortality
Widely distributed and almost impossible to avoid inhaling
Asprigillus spp.
- Parasite in rye
- ergotism due to LSD in fungus
Claviceps purpurea
Causes white nose syndrome in bats and is rapid and deadly
Psuedogymnoascus destructans
- Can be transmitted horizontally
- 10% of bloodstream infections, 50% mortality
Candidiasis
Infection of the penis from yeast
Balanits
Candida infection of the Subcutaneous tissue of the fingers toes and nails
Paronychia and onychomycosis
Breaks down keratinized tissue
Dermatomycoses
Ex: tinea versicolor
Aka as ringworm
Tinea corporis
Athletes foot
Tinea pedis
AKA jock itch, fungal infection in the groin area
Tinea Curtis
Fungal infection of the nail bed
Tinea unguium
Fungal infection of the beard, common in rural areas and get it from farm animals
Tinea barbae
Infection of the scalp causes hair loss information and scaling seen mostly in children and animals
UV lamp is used to visualize (Wood lamp skin examination)
Tinea capitis
AKA club fungi
- diverse group of mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, ruts as much
- bird nest fungi
Basidiomycota
-causes severe mushroom poisoning
Amanita phalloides
Multi million dollar business of mushrooms
Agaricus campestris
Important human and animal pathogen, it causes issues with the lungs and central nervous system. And people it grows as a large budding yeast
Cryptococcus neoformans
Usually only found in immunocompromise host. It is almost diagnostic for aids. And 80% of HIV positive patients
Pheumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
- English by fine pseudopodia, branched, simple, connecting
- axopodia- Filipodia supported by microtubules that protrude from the axoplast
- primarily used for feeding
- includes radiolaeians and foraminiferans
Supergroup Rhizaria
- unicellular marine organisms
- Glass like exoskeletons (tests)
- nearby by endocytosis using mucous coated Philopodia to entrap their prey
Radiolarans
— thread like pseudopodia arranged in branching networks
- May harbor endosymbiont algae
- tests arranged in multiple chambers (calcium carbonate)
- the only eukaryote that can reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas
Foraminifera
Have chloroplast that spiral around the cytoplasm
Spirogyra
Heterokonts include
- diatoms (most common phytoplankton)
- coccolithophores
- brown algae (kelp)
They produce 40 to 50% of organic ocean carbon
Diatoms
Diverse group
Include ciliatates, dinoflagalettes, and ampiconplecians
-all have plastids
-alveoli (flatbed vacuole)
Aveolates
Has two nuclei
Contractile vacuole, tentacles to attack prey
Ciliates
- Major producers second to diatoms in the marine environment
- cellulose plates
- 2 flagella one for locomotion and one as a groove in its plates
Aveolates:Dinoflagellates
Ex: red tides (Karenia brevis)
Pfiesteria piscicida
- nonmotile parasites of animals transmitted through vectors
- Contains enzymes that enable cells to digest their way into the host cells
- needs two hosts
Aveolates: apicomplexans
Ex: plasmodium, toxoplasma
Paired flagella of this similar form one shorter with hairs
Herterkonta
- One of the worlds most widely distributed parasites. Cats are a definitive host, third leading cause of death due to for foodborne illness in US
- fecal-oral transmission
- in large lymph nodes, asymptomatic, muscle aches, might cause schizophrenia
Toxoplasma gondii
-most are harmless Symbiants
-anaerobic metabolism
What are the exceptions?
Metamonads
Giardia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosomes
Common curable STD
Trichomaniasis
- flagella or undulating membrane
- commonly found in freshwater
- some have an eye spot and preynoids
Supergroup excavata: euglenozoa
Kinetoplastids- trypanosomes AKA Chagas’ disease
Organisms require an element to build into cells example is carbon dioxide fixation and nitrogen fixation
Assimilation
Breaking down organic nutrients to in organic minerals
Dissimilation
One organism is harmed without intimate association with the other
Amensalism
When beneficial properties are so essential
Holobiont
Ex terminates and Bactria i their gut
