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Microbiology Professor Berg > Lesson 8: Transcription, Translation, Proteins Processing And Regulation > Flashcards

Lesson 8: Transcription, Translation, Proteins Processing And Regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Segment of DNA used to make a functional product called RNA

A

Gene

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2
Q

__________ of structural genes produces messenger RNA (copy)

A

Transcription

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3
Q

During ________ mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

A

Translated

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4
Q

What is central dogma Theory

A

The path from gene to trait

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5
Q

Encode the information for specific proteins

A

Structural gene

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6
Q

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins. Role is to influence the rate of transcription

A

Regulatory sequences

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7
Q

Site where RNA polymerase binds, signaling the beginning of transcription

A

Promoter

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8
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for protein

A

Coding region

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9
Q

The strand that is being coded…

Same as opposite strand accept substitute uracil for thymine in DNA…

A

Template strand

Sense strand

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10
Q

Five prime for ribosome attachment to begin translation

A

Ribosome binding site

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11
Q

Three stages in transcription

A
  1. initiation (RNA polymerase to bind to DNA)
  2. Elongation
    - five prime to three prime, plumber he’s catalyzes new rTPSs
  3. Termination
    - RNA polymerase and RNA transcript dissociate from the DNA
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12
Q

In bacteria, RNA polymerase holoenzyme is made up of:

A
  • Core RNA polymerase -for elongation

- Sigma factor-for initiation (detects consensus sequence (-35 and -10) and promoter

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13
Q

MRNA with multiple ribosomes translating the sequence into proteins

A

Polysome

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14
Q

The growing RNA transcript will always be synthesized in the __________ Direction which is anti-parallel to the template strand

A

5’-3’

Coding stand- 5’-3’ (has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript, except T in DNA goes to U in RNA)
Template strand- read 3’-5’

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15
Q

Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases…

A

RNA POL 1- RNA genes expect 55
RNA POL 2-mRNA
RNA POL 3- tRNA and 55 rRNA

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16
Q

In eukaryotic,

Located at 25 base pairs

Determines the start start site for transcription

A

TATA box

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17
Q

Core promoter can produce a low level of transcription on its own

A

Basal transcription

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18
Q

Regulatory elements:
Acts as activating sequence…
Represses transcription…

A

Enhancers
Silencers

Often 50 to 100 region, influence the ability of RNA polymerase to recognize the core promoter

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19
Q

Proteins that bind to regulatory regions, located near or at a distance
Have a strong influence on the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

A

Regulatory transcription factors

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20
Q

Only influence expression of an adjacent gene on the same DNA. DNA sequences such as TATA box, enhancers, and silencers

A

Cis-acting elements

21
Q

Regulatory factors that are not DNA. They bind to the Cis-acting elements on any DNA molecule. Produced by regulatory genes that may be located a distance

A

Trans-acting elements

When a gene and coding a transacting factor it is expressed it made a few throughout the cell in binding to it’s appropriate Cis-acting element

22
Q

Adds complementary nucleotides in the growing RNA transcript in the five prime to three prime direction and reads the DNA template strand in the three prime to five prime direction

A

RNA elongation

23
Q

Forms between the three hydroxyl in the phosphate of the incoming ribonucleotide triphosphate, releases a diphosphate

A

Phosphodiester bond

24
Q

Have signal similar to the Rho- independent mechanism as bacteria

A

RNA polymerase one and three

25
Q

More complex. In transcriptional termination, it transcribes a gene pass the polyadnloation signal sequence. RNA Cleve just passed the poly a signal sequence. RNA poly continues transcribing the DNA

A

RNA pol 2

26
Q

After passing the poly a signal sequence, RNA pol to is destabilize due to the release of elongation factors binding of termination factors

A

Allosteric model

27
Q

An exonuclease binds to the five prime end of the RNA that is still being transcribed and degrades it in a five prime to three prime direction. Exonucleus catches up to RNA polymerase two and causes termination

A

Torpedo model

28
Q

In _________,mRNA Is processed before translation

A

Eukaryotes

29
Q
  • covalently bonded

- allows for the exit of certain RNAs from the nucleus

A

5’-7-methylguanosine cap

30
Q

Important for the stability of the mRNA, translocation of the RNA to cytoplasm and regulate translation. Added by the enzyme called poly A Polymerase

A

3’ ploy-A tail

31
Q

Endonuclease cleavage occurs about ____ nuclear tides downstream from the AAU AAA sequence.

A

20

32
Q

Can prokaryotic or eukaryotic carry out transcription and translation simultaneously?

A

Bacteria can
Eukaryotes can’t
This is because mRNA must pass through nuclear pores to reach ribosomes in cytoplasm

33
Q

Two selective targets for antibiotics?

A

Anabiotic‘s that affect Transcription- Rifamycin B, Actinomycin D

Antibiotics that affect translation-Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin

34
Q

Examples of possible modifications (post transcriptional)

A
  • chaperone proteins for 3-D confirmation
  • cleavage
  • cofactors added (buying two allosteric or active site of enzyme)
  • join with other proteins to form quaternary level of structure
  • glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation
35
Q

Dictate the stability of a protein

A

Degrons

36
Q

A type of the degron, the N-terminal amino acid of a proteins directly correlates with it stability

A

N-terminal rule

37
Q

Proteins degrading machines in eukaryotes and archaea

A

Proteasomes

38
Q

This spans the membrane and is specific for sensing a particular molecule, can sense structural change in the proteins

A

Sensor kindness protein

39
Q

Senses changes outside the cell, involves a two components signal transduction system

A

Activator sequence

40
Q

Genes that are always turned on and are use continuously

A

Constitutive genes

41
Q

Code for endurable enzymes. Only needed under certain conditions often in catabolic pathways

A

Inducible genes

42
Q

Encode proteins that structuring in a bio synthetic pathway always present unless than product of the biosynthetic pathway is available

A

Repressible genes

43
Q

How are inducible genes organized?

A

Three basic components that all operons will have at least one

  • promoter
  • operator( start button to get started)
  • structural genes
44
Q

Regulates the metabolism of lactose

  • operator/promoter
  • lacZ-in code see Beta galactosidase enzyme, lactose to glucose to galactose
  • lacY-specifies the primary structure of permeates enzymes for entry of lactose into bacterial cells
  • lacA- encodes transacetylase, enzyme for removal of toxic byproducts of lactose digestion
A

lac operon

45
Q

What is Catabolite repression?

A

-Regulation of transcription by both -repressors and activators
Diauxic growth-byphasic growth pattern
-lac operon turned off in the presence of glucose

46
Q

Repressible operons are turned off when what is available?

A

Substrate

47
Q

_____ operon is repressible

A

Trp

  • regulated by repressor‘s, called in active aporepressors
  • corepressor
  • complex can bind operator sequence upstream of target gene or operon
48
Q

The trp operon is involved in the bio synthesis of the amino acid ________

A

Tryptophan

  • attenuation
  • negative regulation

^ to shut down expression of these genes

Microbiology Professor Berg (16 decks)

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