Path Key Points 1 Flashcards
BPH
Lower urinary tract symptoms (frequency, urgency, nocturia, terminal dribbling, poor stream)
Mx
- alpha reductase inhibitor - finasteride
- alpha blocker (with HTN - prazosin; without HTN - tamsulosin)
Grading system for RCC
Furhman’s system
Clear cell RCC
Most common RCC
Golden colour due to lipid collection
Clear cytoplasm arranged in nests
Papillary RCC histo
Friable brown tumours
Chromophobe RCC
Variable chromosomal changes
Prostate cancer
Genes associated - PTEN, AMACR, P27, E-cadherin
Associated with eating red meats
Prognosis - Gleason score
Varicocele
Non-translucent
Dull ache with venous dilation
Hydrocele
Translucent
Due to trauma or pathology
Zoon’s balanitis
Inflammation of glans –> redness –> biopsy - can be dysplastic
Fournier’s gangrene
Necrotising fasciitis of male genitalia
High risk HPV
16 & 18
Low risk HPV
6 & 11
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Figo staging
CIN IA - invasive diagnosis only by microscopy - cone biopsy
CIN IB - visible lesion confined to uterus - radical trachelectomy with lymphadenectomy if tumour <2cm otherwise radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy
CIN II - beyond uterus but not past the lower third of vagina or pelvic wall - chemoradiotherapy
CIN III - tumour extends to pelvic wall ± lower third of vagina ± hydronephrosis - chemoradiotherapy
CIN IVA - spread to bladder or rectum - chemoradiotherapy
CIN IVB - distant metastases - combination chemotherapy
Endometrial hyperplasia
PCOS, anovulation, perimenopause, granulose cell tumours, unopposed oestrogen therapy, endometrial cancer
Type 1 - K-RAS, BRAF
Type 2 - P53
Endometrial hyperplasia prognostic factors
Figo stage 1 - in uterus 2 - spread to cervix 3 - pelvic spread 4 - distant spread
