Path Buzzwords 8

Question 1

Alcoholic pt + AKI - urine microscopy shows calcium oxalate crystals

Answer 1

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Question 2

PML-RARA fusion gene

Answer 2

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia

Question 3

PRV management

Answer 3

Regular venesection + hydroxcarbimide

Question 4

High basophils

Answer 4

May indicate myelofibrosis

Question 5

Patient is ?PRV - what tests do you do?

Answer 5

Analysis for JAK2 V617 mutation, serum erythropoeitin, bone marrow aspiration

Question 6

Old patient + splenomegaly + not feverish or unwell

Answer 6

CML

Question 7

Elongated (pencil) cells

Answer 7

Iron deficiency anaemia

Question 8

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 8

Vomiting, hypokalaemia, HF, nephrotic syndrome

Question 9

Osmolality

Answer 9

2(Na + K) + urea + glucose
Serum osmolality - 275-295
Urine osmolality - 300-900

Question 10

Anion gap

Answer 10

Na + K - Cl - HCO3

Normal anion gap 8-16

Question 11

Acute/symptomatic hyponatraemia management

Answer 11

Hypertonic (3%) saline bolus

Question 12

Causes of SIADH

Answer 12

Small cell lung cancer, pneumonia, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage, opiates, SSRIs, carbamazepine, PPIs, amitriptyline

Question 13

Type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 13

Hypoxia + normocapnia

V/Q mismatch - PE, pulmonary oedema

Question 14

Type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 14

Hypoxia + hypercapnia

Hypoventilation - COPD, pneumonia, Guillian-Barre syndrome, opiates

Question 15

Isovaleric acidaemia

Answer 15

Strong cheesy/sweety smell
Metabolic acidosis and hyperammonaemia
High anion gap

Question 16

Mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 16

Acidosis - cardiac arrest, multi-organ failure

Alkalosis - hyperemesis gravidarum, cirrhosis + diuretics, excessive ventilation in COPD

Question 17

Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

Answer 17

Always pathological

Causes are pyloric stenosis, galactosaemia, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Question 18

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 18

High anion gap - DKA, lactic acidosis, aspirin overdose

Low anion gap - renal tubular acidosis, Addison’s disease, diarrhoea

Question 19

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 19

Asthma, COPD, opiates, Guillian-Barre syndrome

Question 20

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 20

Anxiety, pain, hypoxia, PE, pneumothorax

Question 21

Most common cause of haemorrhagic cystitis

Answer 21

Children - adenovirus

Adults - BK virus