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buzzwords > Paeds Key Points Bank > Flashcards

Paeds Key Points Bank Flashcards

1
Q

Threadworms

A

Perianal itching at night

Mx
- single dose of mebendazole for whole family and hygeine advice

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2
Q

ASD

A

Fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound

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3
Q

VSD

A

Pansystolic murmur in lower left sternal edge

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4
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur in upper left sternal edge

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5
Q

PDA

A

Continuous machinery murmur in upper left sternal edge

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6
Q

Pulmonary stenosis

A

Ejection systolic murmur in upper left sternal edge

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7
Q

Venous hum (Innocent murmur)

A

Sounds like blowing through nose below both clavicles

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8
Q

Still’s murmur (Innocent murmur)

A

Low pitched heart sound at lower left sternal edge

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9
Q

Roseola infantum

A

HHV6
6 months - 2 years
High fever comes and then goes and then a maculopapular rash develops
Diarrhoea, cough
Associated with aseptic meningitis and hepatitis

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10
Q

Laryngomalacia

A

4 weeks old with stridor

Mx

  • self resolves by 2 years old
  • if failure to thrive or breathing problems then surgery
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11
Q

Commonest cause of headaches in children

A

Migraine without aura

Mx

  • ibuprofen, sumitriptan nasal spray
  • pizotifen and propranolol prophylaxis
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12
Q

Infantile spams (West syndrome)

A

4-8 month old boy
Flexion of head trunks and arms followed by extension of arms (salaam attack) and hypsarrythmia on EEG

Poor prognosis
Mx
- vigabatrin

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13
Q

CF + Hirschprung

A

Meconium ileus

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14
Q

Infantile colic

A

Inconsolable crying, drawing up knees, flatus

Crying starts and stops for no reason that lasts for >3 hrs a day for >3 days a week for >1 week

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15
Q

Congenital cataract

A

No red reflex at birth

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16
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Red reflex present at birth but not at around 18 months

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17
Q

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

A

Scalp (cradle cap), nappy area, flexures
Mx
- mild - baby shampoo/oils
- severe - mild topical steroids (1% hydrocortisone)

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18
Q

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

A

Coxsackie A16
Maculopapular rash in mouth, palms and soles, groin and buttocks
Sore throat and low-grade fever

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19
Q

Paediatric BLS

A

Patient not breathing –> 5 rescue breaths –> assess circulation –> not breathing + no pulse –> CPR at 15:2

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20
Q

Jaundice

A

<24 hours - always pathological - ABO/rhesus haemolytic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, G6POD deficiency
2-4 days - common - physiological
>14 days - biliary atresia (high conjugated bilirubin), hypothyroidism, galactosaemia, UTI, congenital infection, breast milk jaundice
Ix for >14 days - conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, direct antiglobulin test, TFTs, FBC, blood film, urine for MC&S and reducing agents, U&Es and LFTs

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21
Q

Development dysplasia of hip

A

RFs - female, breech, firstborn, birth weight >5kg, family history

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22
Q

Measles

A

Prodrome - fever, conjunctivitis
Koplik spots (white spots on buccal mucosa)
Rash - starts behind ears then to whole body, discrete maculopapular rash becoming blotchy and confluent - initially blanching, becomes non-blanching later
Fever persists during the rash

23
Q

Mumps

A

Fever, malaise, muscular pain

Parotitis - initially unilateral and becomes bilateral

24
Q

Rubella

A

Pink maculopapular rash, initially on face spreads to whole body and usually fades by the 3-5 day
suboccipital and postauricular lymphadenopathy

25
Q

Congenital rubella

A

Sensorineural deafness, congenital cataracts, PDA, glaucoma

26
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

A

Cerebral calcification, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus

27
Q

Congenital CMV

A

Growth retardation, purpuric skin lesions

28
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

Involuntary urination in a child aged 5 years or older, with no congenital or acquired defects of the nervous system or urinary tract
Mx
- look for underlying causes (constipation, diabetes mellitus, UTI if recent onset)
- advise on fluid intake, diet and toileting behaviour
- reward systems
- <7 - enuresis alarm
- >7 - desmopressin if needed in short term or alarm is not working

29
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

2-4 weeks old, M>F
Hypertrophy of the circular muscles of the pylorus
Projectile vomiting 30 minutes after feeding
May see a palpable mass in the upper abdomen or peristalsis in LUQ
Hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic alkalosis due to persistent vomiting
Diagnosis by USS
Mx
- Ramstedt pyloromyomotomy

30
Q

ADHD

A

Characterised by extreme restlessness, poor concentration, uncontrolled activity and impulsiveness
M>F
Mx
- refer to CAMHS
- food diary to look for link between food and behaviour
- methylphenidate - monitor growth, psych symptoms and BP every 6 months

31
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Common, no treatment required
Usually resolve by 3 years
Associated to Down’s syndrome

32
Q

Early onset neonatal sepsis (<48 hours)

A

GBS - bacteraemia, joint infections, meningitis –> benzylpenicillin
E. coli - menigitis, UTI –> gentamycin
Listeria –> ampicillin

33
Q

Late onset neonatal sepsis (>48 hours)

A

Apnoea, poor feeding, respiratory distress, convulsions
GBS, e. coli, listeria, staph aureus, enterococci, citrobacter koseri, candida
Mx
- flucloxacillin + vancomycin –> piperacillin/tazobactam + vancomycin
- community acquired - cefotaxime + amoxicillin + gentamycin

34
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant

Tall, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, repeat pneumothoraces

35
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

Trisomy 21
Upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, Brushfield spots in iris, protruding tongue, small ears, single palmar crease, hypotonia, congenital cardiaac abnormalities (tetralogy of fallot), duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung’s disease

36
Q

Turner syndrome

A

45, XO
Short, shield chest, widely spaced nipples, webbed neck, bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, primary amenorrhoea, cycstic hygroma, high arched palate, multiple pigmented naevi
Increased risk of autoimmune disease
Associated with haemophilia

37
Q

Erythema infectiosum

A

Parvovirus B19
Slapped cheek rash spreading to proximal arms and extensor surfaces
Lethargy, fever, headache, coryza

38
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Group A Streptococcus
Strawberry tongue, fever, malaise, tonsilitis
Rough sandpaper rash (fine punctate erythema) sparing the face

39
Q

Chickenpox

A

Initially fever
Itchy papular rash starting on head/trunk before spreading and becoming vesicular –> pustular –> crust over
Mild systemic upset

40
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

RFs - male, diabetic mother, C-section, second of premature twins, delivery at <34 wks
CXR - ground glass appearance + indistinct heart border
Mx - oxygen, assistend ventilation, exogenous surfactant via endotracheal tube
Prophylaxis - maternal steroids (betamethasone) if in labour <34 wks

41
Q

Patau syndrome

A

Trisomy 13

Microcephaly, cleft palate, polydactyly, scalp lesions

42
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

Micrognathia, low set ears, rocker bottom feet, overlapping fingers

43
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

M>F, associated with MVP and autism

Macrocephaly, long face, large ears, learning difficulties

44
Q

Noonan syndrome

A

Webbed neck, pectus excavatum, short, pulmonary stenosis

45
Q

Pierre-Robin sequence

A

Micrognathia, cleft palate, posterior displacement of tongue

46
Q

Prader-Willi syndrome

A

Hypotonia, hypogonadism, obesity

47
Q

William’s syndrome

A

Deletion on Chr 7

Short, learning difficulties, friendly, transient neonatal hypercalcaemia, supravalvular aortic stenosis

48
Q

Toddler’s diarrhoea

A

Undigested food in stool

49
Q

Caput succedaneum

A

Present at birth - due to prolonged/difficult deliveries
Forms over vertex and crosses suture lines
Resolves in days - managed conservatively

50
Q

Cephalohaematoma

A

Develops a few hours after birth - due to prolonged/difficult delivery
Commonly in parietal region and does not cross suture lines
Resolves in months - managed conservatively

51
Q

Febrile convulsion

A

6 months - 5 years
Occur early in a viral infection
Generalised tonic-clonic seizures lasting <5 minutes with complete recovery within an hour
Is a risk factor for epilepsy
Mx
- first seizure or any complex features –> paediatrics
- giving paracetamol is good but it does not affect the chances of a febrile convulsion

52
Q

Epilepsy risk factors

A

Family history, having complex febrile seizures, a background of neurodevelopmental disorder

53
Q

Omphalocele

A

AKA exomphalos

Intestines and liver extend out of the body in a sac through the umbilicus

54
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Intestines extend out of the body through a hole next to the umbilicus
No sac

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