Pastest Flashcards
cranial nerve that passes through rotundum
maxillary division of trigeminal
innervates parotid
glossopharyngeal
innervates lateral gaze
abducens
superior oblique is innervated by
trochlear
laryngeal muscles are innervated by
branches of the vagus
only part of laryngeal muscles not innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus
cricothyroid - by external laryngeal nerve
innervates the anterior 2/3rd of tongue
facial
innervates posterior 1/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal
unilateral headache > 50 yrs
temporal arteritis
first line investigation for temporal arteritis
ESR
age when migraines first present
young woman/man
why no COCP in migraine
oestrogen precipitates migrane
raised ICP will have what symptoms
morning headaches and postural (leaning forward)
triad of parkinson
- resting tremor
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
pathophysiology of parkinsons
neurodegeneration and deposition of inclusion bodies in v pars compact of the substantianigra (midbrain) causing disruption/loss of dopaminergic transmission in basal ganglia
parkinson signs distribution: symmetric or asymmetric
asymmetrical
therapy given in parkinson
levodopa (L-dopa)
non ‘triad’ symptoms of parkinson
stooped posture
shuffling gate
reduced arm swing
monotone voice –> slurring dysarthria
what is normal pressure hydrocephalus
increases ventricle space and CSF without an increase in CSF pressure, usually due to inability of CSF to drain out of brain. Can be a late consequence of subarachnoid haemorrhage
who gets normal pressure hydrocephalus
old people
symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus
dementia, urinary incontinenece, gait abnormalities (shuffling)
molloscum contagiosa indicates what
HIV
HIV+ get what type of meningitis
cryptococcal neoformans
sudden onset severe headache
subarachnoid haemorrhage
most common area of subarachnoid haemorrhage pain
occipital
treatment for cryptococcal meningitis
anti fungal: amphotericin +/- fluctosine
what type of organism is cryptococcal neoformans
fungus
risk factors for subarachnoid haemorrhage
berry aneurism or atriovenous malformations
diagnosis of sub arachnid haemorrhage
CT if neg, then CSF
3 classical signs of BACTERIAL meningitis
fever, headache, neck stiffness
name for meningococcal (neisseria meningitidis) rash
petechial rash
treatment for suspected meningococcal meningitis
IM cefotaxime/ceftriaxone
who gets benign intracranial hypertension
fat woman
what is benign intracranial hypertension
increase in CSF production WITHOUT increase in ventricle size
how may benign intracranial hypertension present
headaches and visual disturbance (papilloedema)
what drugs can cause benign intracranial hypertension
steroids and tetracycline therapy
treatment for benign intracranial hypertension
diaretics: thiazides & acetazolamide + weight loss
what will you look for in CSF if suspect sub arachnid haemorrhage but CT doesn’t show anything
xanthochromia (bilirubin from broken RBCs in CSF)
tie scale for xanthocromia
12 hours after onset of symptoms
when will you do angiography in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage
if want to try fix it
morning headache + vomiting =
raised ICP usually due to space occupying lesion
SOL/bleeds in temporal lobe of brain will cause what visual defects
homonymous superior quadrantanopia (on opposite side of lesion) PITS: parietal = inferior, temporal = superior
SOL/bleeds in parietal lobe of brain will cause what visual defects
homonymous inferior quadrantanopia (on opposite side of lesion) PITS: parietal = inferior, temporal = superior
SOL/bleeds in chiasm of brain will cause what visual defects
bi-temporal heminopia
loss of vision on just one side L/R heminopia
optic tract on opposite side