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Pathology Summaries > Past Papers etc > Flashcards

Past Papers etc Flashcards

1
Q

Biggest risk factor for colonic carcinoma:

1) Crohn’s
2) Diverticular disease
3) IBS
4) Peutz-Jeghers
5) UC

A

UC

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2
Q

In which condition would you choose allogeneic BMT over autologous?

1) Acute leukaemia
2) BM failure
3) Chronic leukaemia
4) Myeloma
5) Lymphoma

A

BM

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3
Q

Name 3 mixed pattern autoinflammatory conditions.

A

Behcet’s
Psoriatic arthritis
Axial spondyloarthritis

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4
Q

MOA of corticosteroids?

A

Inhibits phospholipase A2

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5
Q

By which mechanism does sarcoidosis cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Ectopic expression of 1 alpha hydroxylase

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6
Q

Abx for pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection?

A

Gentamicin

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7
Q

What inhibits thromboxane a2?

A

Aspirin

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8
Q

Most sensitive marker of liver damage?

A

PT

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9
Q

Superoxide dismutase 1 is a misfolded protein associated with which condition?

A

Motor neurone disease

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10
Q

Name 2 organisms which cause bronchopneumonia.

A

HiB and Klebsiella pneumoniae

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11
Q

What are some causes of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma and viruses

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12
Q

Most common cause of CNS infections?

A

Coxsackie group B

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13
Q

What does aseptic meningitis mean?

A

Viral

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14
Q

Name an intracellar gram -ve coccus.

A

Neisseria

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15
Q

Condition which causes failure to produce neutrophils?

A

Kostmann syndrome

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16
Q 
Rank these in terms of highest to lowest calcium.
Parathyroid carcinoma 
1o hyperparathyroidism 
2o hyperparathyroidism
Osteoporosis 
Osteomalacia
A 
Parathyroid carcinoma 
1o hyperparathyroidism 
Osteoporosis 
2o hyperparathyroidism
Osteomalacia
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17
Q

Which would have a higher plasma osmolality: pneumonia or DI?

A

DI has higher osmolality than pneumonia

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18
Q

What is the function of gastrin? What stimulates its release?

A

Gastrin enhances HCl secretion

Vagus nerve controls both HCl production and gastrin release

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19
Q

What is zollinger ellison syndrome?

A

Tumour of islet cells of pancreas that increase HCl production

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20
Q

Which condition has higher gastrin production: H pylori infection or Zollinger Ellison syndrome?

A

H pylori has higher gastrin release than ZES

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21
Q

What is thyroxine bound to in order?

A

Thyroxine binding globulin
Thyroxine binding pre-albumin
Albumin
Free

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22
Q

Name 2 most common causes of PUO.

A

Malaria
Dengue
(then: diarrhoea, UTI, VHF)

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23
Q 
Rank these in terms of the most likely cause of a collection around T12 in a IVDU:
Staph aureus 
Pseudomonas
Strep pneumo 
TB
E coli
A 
Staph aureus 
TB
Strep pneumo
E coli 
Psuedomonas
24
Q

What is nemaline rod deficiency?

A

hereditary neuromuscular disorder with many symptoms that can occur such as muscle weakness, hypoventilation, swallowing dysfunction, and impaired speech ability

25
Q 
40yo woman with diabetes and heavy periods complains of breathlessness. Bibasal crackles OE. Rank in order of likelihood that the investigation will be useful.
Echo 
U&E
CXR
ECG
FBC
A 
FBC
CXR
Echo
ECG
U&E
26
Q 
56yo woman presents with hepatosplenomegaly and generalised lymphadenopathy. Rank from most to least likely:
Hodgkin's
CML
CLL
PMF
ALL
A 
CLL
Hodgkin's
CML
ALL
PMF
27
Q

Where on the body are traumatic blisters unlikely to be found?

A

Flexural surfaces

28
Q

A 70 year old known teetotal patient is noted to have a heart murmur and careful examination reveals splenomegaly with an obvious notch and you can’t get above it. There are no visible veins on the anterior abdominal wall, and there is no ascites, so you conclude that there is no portal hypertension. Dipstick of the urine reveals microscopic haematuria. She is found to have a temperature of between 37.5oC and 38.5oC whenever it is checked.

What is the diagnosis?

A

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

29
Q

Name the disorder of calcium handling most commonly seen in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure, in which the plasma calcium is raised

A

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decrease calcium levels, released by the thyroid

31
Q

Name the form of vitamin D produced following the action of 1alpha hydroxylase on 25-OH D3 in the kidney.

A

Calcitriol

32
Q

Antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor are associated with what form of glomerulonephritis?

A

Membranous

33
Q 
Which of these is most likely to CAUSE bronchiectasis?
A. E-coli
B. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
C. Staph aureus 
D. Strep pneumoniae
E. Strep pyogenes
A

Staph aureus

34
Q

What is the technical term for a connection between two epithelial surfaces, as occurs in Crohns disease where for example there might be a connection between the bladder and the bowel?

A

Fistula

35
Q

What is struma ovarii?

A

Rare ovarian tumour that expresses thyroid tissue

36
Q

Name a spiral flagellated Gram negative bacteria

A

H pylori

37
Q

A patient is found to be anaemic, with high a reticulocyte count and fragmented red blood cells on blood smear. What is this anaemia?

A

MAHA

38
Q

A patient presents with weakness and is found to have a potassium of 2.4mM (NR 3.5 to 5.0). What is the likely acid-base abnormality if you check the patients arterial blood gas?

A

Metabolic alkalosis - hypokalaemic alkalosis go together …hypokalaemia causing alkalosis and alkalosis causing hypokalaemia

39
Q

Name the drug used for patients with type 2 diabetes which inhibits the enzyme alpha glucosidase in the brush border membrane of the small bowel

A

Acarbose –> undigested sugar in bowel

40
Q

. Name an example of a drug that inhibits the enzyme dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV (DPP-4).

A

Sitagliptin

41
Q

Where do sulfonylureas act?

A

GLT2 transporter in pancreatic beta cells

42
Q

Give examples of sulfonylureas.

A

1st gen = tolbutamide

2nd = glipizide/glyburide

43
Q

Give an example of a meglitinide?

A

Repaglinide

44
Q

Give an example of an incretin.

A

GLP1R agonists e.g. exenaTIDE, liragluTIDE

45
Q

Give an example of a DDP4 inhibitor.

A

SitaGLIPTIN

46
Q

What is the cause of a ring enhancing lesion on MRI after ear infection?

A

Cerebral abscess - centre of abscess does not enhance because it has dead cells and pus

47
Q

Cheese + gram +ve rods = ?

A

Listeria

48
Q

Cheese + gram -ve rods = ?

A

Brucella

49
Q

Cause of hyper-segmented neutrophils?

A

B12/folate deficiency

50
Q

Name an example of a drug that inhibits the enzyme dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV (DPP-4)

A

Vitamin D deficiency or osteomalacia –> secondary hyperparathyroidism.

51
Q

Name a non-neoplastic polyp.

A

Hyperplastic
Inflammatory (pseudopolyps)
Hamartomatous (juvenile/Peutz Jeghers)

52
Q

Name 3 neoplastic polyps.

A

Villous adenoma
Tubulovillous adenoma
Tubular adenoma

53
Q

What size polyp is risky?

A

4cm

54
Q

Inheritance and gene associated with FAP?

A

APC gene, AD

55
Q

Which polyp syndrome is associated with supernumerary teeth?

A

Gardner’s FAP

Pathology Summaries (23 decks)

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