Past paper questions Flashcards
Tissue
group of cells with similiar structures working together to perform a function
Blood clotting process
When the skin is broken, platelets release a chemical which converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. This forms an insoluble mesh around the wound that traps red blood cells forming a clot
why is genetic variation improtant?
can adapt to changes in the environment and new diseases. Therefore, increasing the chances of survival of the species.
why when boiling potato sticks there is no change of mass in salt water solutions?
Because the potatoes proteins are damaged and the cell membrane becomes destroyed/damaged, so no osmosis can occur.
factors that influence the movement of molecules through membranes
temperature; surface area; concentration gradient; size of molcule; thickness across membrane; pressure; number of protein channels; number of mitochondria
describe the pathowayMolecules of carbon dioxide that are produced in muscle cells are transported to the blood.
Describe the pathway taken by these molecules of carbon dioxide
CO2 is produced in mitochondrion,
diffsues in cytoplasm
through membrane
through capillary wall
In blood:
travels in veins/arteries
travels to lungs;
to alveoli;
excreted by exhalation
how are capillaries adapted for their functions
thin wall - efficient gas exchange/diffusion
small lumen - many capillaries can fit into tissues
extensive network;
large surface for diffusion;
capillary cells have pores - allows substances to pass in and out of the blood easily
how a molecule of co2 from the atmosphere reaches the site of photosynthesis in a leaf
diffuses down a concentration gradient through the stomata. then diffuses through the spongy mesophyll cells until it reaches the palisade mesophyl cell.
adaptations of roots to absorb ions
has root hair cells;
through carrier molecule;
large SA for absorption;
roots grow continually (to find new sources of ions);
why use sodium hydrogencarbonate solution in a photosynthesis experiment
so carbon dioxide is not a limiting factor
uses in a plant of the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis
respiration;
converted to sucrose;
used to make nectar;
used to make cellulose/lignin;
used in cell walls;
used to make starch;
stoage;
used to make amino acids;
used to make chlorophyll;
how increases in atmospheric carbon dixoide concentrations contribute to global warming
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which enhances the greenhouse effect. This is when radiation is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases instead of being emitted into outer space. Causing temperatures to rise = global warming
role of mechanical digestion
breaks up food into smaller pieces without chemical change by teeth. Or muscles to mix with digestive juices. To increase surface area for enzyme action. Speeds up chemical digestion.
Or just to make food easier to swallow
what organ converts glucose to glycogen
liver
besides insulin and glucagon what other hormone influences the concentration of glucose in blood
adrenaline
why is it important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal?
prevents:
loss of large volumes of water
loss of ions
diarrhoea
dehyration
plasmolysis how
water moves out of the cell by osmosis through a partially permeable membrane as cell contents have a higher water pot than the solution
The same gene has to be selected from each species for sequencing because ..
Allows comparison of alleles of the same gene. To show how closely related the two species are.
Benefits of classifying organisms in hierarchical systems
- ability to explain evolution
- to spot evolutionary relationships between species
- to identify candidate animals for human medicial treatments (e.g. pig tissues in heart valve replacements)
- to anticipate and deal effectively with pathogens/pest/epidemics
- to better understand diversity and promote global biodiversity
) The more recent a common ancestor between two species, the more closely related those two species are because:
common ancestor is an older extinct species that both species evolved from.
For two species to evolve from it, there would be no difference in DNA
Organisms that share more similar features are said to be more closely related
More closely related why (in a phylogenetic tree)?
- Because the DNA sequence is more closely matched
- Because they are closest in the phylogenetic tree/evolutionary branches.
how is the xylem adapted for its functions
functions:
- transports water and mineral ions
- transpiration
- water flows with little resistance
- provides structural support
- spirals allow flexibility of stems
adaptations
- long/elongated cells
- lignified
- impermeable to water
- thickening of cell walls
- hollow, contain no cell contents
- no end/cross walls
- vessels joined end to end
- pits in the walls
mechanism that is responsible fo rthe movement of water in xylem
- water is lost by evaporation in mesophyll
-diffusion of water vapour throough stomata - decrease in pressure of the xylem resulting in water moving upwards
- continuous column of water
- because of cohesion
- the attarction between water molecules
- known as transpiration pull
- water enters the leaves by osmosis
what is passive exhalation
- no energy required
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax - air is pushed out by elastic recoil of dropping of the ribcage
The muscles of the breathing system that help to facilitate increased removal of carbon dioxide when undergoing vigorous exercise are:
Internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the rib down. Forced expriration to increase ventilation rate.
if diaphragm is paralysed for whatever reason what happens
- reduced lung volume/shallow breathing during inspiration
- higher pressure inside lungs
- more frequent contraction
An effective oxygen supply is maintained by…
- by ventilation: brings in the air with a high oxygen level
- circulation of blood: blood with a high oxygen level is removed
long term effects of self pollination
- limited variation
- offspring will become homozygous over time
- variation is due to mutation
- low chance the mutations will be expressed
- offspring will be well adapted to conditions near parent
- will not be able to adapt to changes in the environment
How are neurons adapted for their function?
- long axons to transmit impulses over long distances
- many branches to connect to other neurones
- mitochondria to release energ for transmission of impulse
- vesicles to release chemicals
- NTs into synapse
- receptors to ensure unidirectional transmission
How nervous communication differs from hormonal communication?
- nerve communicaiton is: faster, shorter-lasting, specific, electrical, conducted through cells
- hormone comm is: widespread, chemical only, travels through blood, released by glands, can be voluntary
what enzyme is secreted by the small intestine and acts in the epithelial lining of the small intestine?
maltase
negative impacts of using chemicals to the environment in modern farming methods
- kills non target species
- loss of biodiversity
- bioaccumulation
- habitat destruction
- antibiotic resistant
how plants remain suported w/o bones
- have cell walls
- from pressure of water pressing against cell wall (turgor pressure)
- xylem
how sewage should be treated
- removal of large pieces of waste
- coagulation of suspended particles
- settling of particles
- decomposition by aerobic bacteria
- with aeration tanks
- sludge is treated with anaerobic decomposers
- water is treated wiht chlorine
- distillation of water from evaporater
advantages of using artifical photosynthesis
- reduces extraction of fossil fuels
- removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- prevents a further increase in enhanced greenhouse effect
- prevents further increase in global warming
- it is a sustainable process
function of rods and cones
- they are light receptors / they detect or respond to light
- rods are sensitive to light of low intensity
- rods are used for night vision
- rods provides black and white vision
- cones are sensitive to light of high intensities
- have three different types of cones
- provides colour vision
consequences of the changes in the number of lymphocytes
- fewer antibodies
- decrease in immunity
- fewer memory cells
- develop aids
- may develop tuberculosis
advantages of double circulation
- oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are kept seperated
- ensures efficient supply of oxygen
- ensures efficient supply of nutrients
- lower pressure in pulmonary circuit
- to prevent damge to capillaries in lungs
- allows more time for gas exchange
- allows higher pressure in the body
- to ensure efficient blood supply to body
From manure –> nitrate ions0
- proteins decomposed by bacteria into amino acids
- by using proteases
- deamination of amino acids
- produciton of ammonium ions
- ammonium ions are converted into nitrite ions
- then to nitrate ions
benefits of maintaining forests for other organisms
- nesting/breeding sites
- shelter/shade/protection from predators
- leaf litter for decompsoers
- nutrient recyling
- resources for humans
why aren’t mutaitons always inherited from sexual reproduction but are for asexual reproduction
- mutations are found in the DNA
- asexual reproduction are, genetically identical to the parent
- so any existing mutaitons will be inherited
- sexual reproduciton involves two parents
- mutaiton will only be in one of the parents
- mutation will only be in some of the gametes
- meiosis does not result in genetically identical cells
How does acid rain destroy forests?
- lowers pH of soil
- acidified soil causes leaching
- corrodes leaves
- affects ability of roots to absorb mineral ions
- stunted growth
why may amphibians be vulnerable to pollutants such as acid rain?
- adapted to a different pH
- have moist skin
- large surface to volume ratio
- have fragile gills
- lay unshelled eggs in water
- larvae only exist in water
Describe the structure of a villus and its role in the alimentary canal
- lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
- lymphatic vessel returns lymphs to blood
- epithelial cell has microvilli
- increases the surface area for absorption
- Q is one cell thick for short diffusion distance
- Q is the site of breakdown of maltose to glucose
- capillary absorbs amino acids and glucose
- blood flows to maintain concentration gradient
- transports absorbed nutrients to vein
disadvantages of people changing genes in a plant
- reduced natural biodiversity
- cross-pollinate into wild populations
- GM seeds are expensive
- seeds need to be bought each season
- ethical concerns of consumers
phytoplankton important why
are producers, convert light into chemical energy, provides source of food for primary consumers, make energy availablle for other trophic levels
