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Biology IGSCE > 1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

movement

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabollism

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3
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

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5
Q

reproduction

A

the processes that make more of the same kind fo organism

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6
Q

excretion

A

the removal of toxic substances, waste production of metabolism, and substances in excess of requirement

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7
Q

nutrition

A

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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8
Q

how are organisms classified into groups

A

organisms that share the same features can be classified into groups

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9
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

binominal system of naming species

A

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species
e.g. Homo sapiens
Homo = genus
Sapiens = species

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11
Q

what to classification systems aim to reflect?

A

evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

3 ways of classifying organisms

A

Comparing DNA base sequences
Comparing amino acid sequences
Comparing cellular structures

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13
Q

How do DNA sequences help classify organisms?

A

the more similiar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are (and the more recent in time their common ancestor is)

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14
Q

DNA sequences of groups of organisms with a recent ancestor compaired to groups of organisms who share a distant ancestor

A

Recent ancestor group have base sequences in DNA that are more similiar than those who share only distant.

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15
Q

mnemonic to remember classification system

A

KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GRAN’S SPAGHETTI

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16
Q

Classification system from general to specific

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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17
Q

Five kingdoms are:

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Prokaryotes

18
Q

Main features of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • contain a nucelus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
  • feed on organic substances made by other living things
19
Q

main features of plants

A
  • multicellular
  • contains a nucleus, chloroplasts, and cellulose cell walls
  • feed by photosynthesis
20
Q

what do the cells of all living organisms contain?

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA as genetic material
With microscope: ribosomes and enzymes

21
Q

main features of fungi
(e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast)

A
  • usually multicellular
  • cells have nuceli and cell walls (contains chitin not cellulose)
  • feed by saprophytic (on dead or decaying material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition
22
Q

main features of protoctists
(e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium)

A
  • most are unicellular, but some are multicellular
  • all have nucleus, only some have cell walls and chloroplasts
  • some photosynthesis and some feed on organic substances made by other living things
23
Q

main features of all prokaryotes
(bacteria, blue-green algae)

A
  • unicellular
  • have cell walls (not made from cellulose) and cytoplasm, but no nucleus or mitochondria
24
Q

main features of mammals

A
  • fur/hair on skin
  • have a placenta
  • young feed on milk from mammary glands
  • external ears (pinna) visible
  • endothermic / warm blooded
25
Q

main features of birds

A
  • skin covered in feathers
  • 2 legs and 2 wings instead of forelimbs
  • lay eggs with hard shells on land
  • have a beak
  • endothermic
26
Q

main features of reptiles

A
  • dry, fixed scales on skin
  • lay eggs with rubbery shells on land
27
Q

main features of amphibians

A
  • smooth, moist skin
  • adults usually live on land (so have lungs)
  • larvae live in water (have gills)
  • lay eggs without shell in water
28
Q

main features of fish

A
  • loose, wet scales on skin
  • gills to breathe
  • lay eggs without shells in water
29
Q

what are the five vertebraes (animals with backbones)

A

reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals

30
Q

what are the four invertebrates?

A

myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans

31
Q

main features of myriapods

A
  • body consists of many segments
  • each segment contains at least 1 pair of jointed legs
  • 1 pair of antennae
    (CENTIPEDE)
32
Q

insects

A
  • 3 part body (head, thorax and abdomen)
  • 3 pairs of jointed legs
  • 2 pairs of wings (1 or 2 can be non functional or undeveloped)
  • 1 pair of antennae
    (BUTTERFLY)
33
Q

arachnids

A
  • 2 part body (cephalothorax and abdomen)
  • 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • no antennae
    (SPIDER)
34
Q

crustaceans

A
  • more than 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • chalky exosheleton (formed from calcium)
  • breathe through gills
  • 2 pairs of antennae
    (CRABS)
35
Q

main features of ferns

A
  • have leaves called fronds
  • do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds
36
Q

main features of flowering plants

A
  • reproduce sexually
  • seeds are produced inside ovary found at the base of the flower
  • divides into two groups: monocotyledons and dicotyledons
37
Q

monocotyledons in terms of flowers and leaves

A

contain petals in multiples of 3
leaves have parallel leaf veins

38
Q

dicotyledons in terms of flowers and leaves

A

contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5
leaves have reticulated leaf veins (all interconnected and form a web like network)

39
Q

virus

A
  • non living (so not in classi system)
  • do not carry out 7 life processes
  • take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves
  • structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat
40
Q

dichotomous meaning

A

branching into two

41
Q

dichotomous key

A

used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features

Biology IGSCE (25 decks)

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