9 Transport In Animals Flashcards
circulatory system
system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
single circulation of a fish
blood passes through the heart once per complete circuit
double circulation of a mammal
blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit
advantages of double circulation
pressure of the blood stays quite high and so it can flow faster around body. allows the seperation of oxygenated and deoxygented blood in the body.
Heart structures (mammals)
muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles, left and right atria, atrioventricular valves, semi lunar valves, coronary arterties
arteries
carry blood away from your heart
veins
carry blood back towards your heart
capillaries
allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into the tissue cells
how can the activity of the heart be measured?
ECG, pulse rate and listening to the valves closing
effect of physical activity on heart
heart and lungs work harder to supply the additional oxygen your muscles demand
CHD - coronary heart disease
when hearts blood supply is blocked or interruppted by a build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries
who is at risk for CHD
people with high levels of chloresterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men
how does diet and exersise effect CHD
Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight; lowers blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels which can reduce the risk of CHD
relative thickness of ventricles
left is thicker than right as it pumps blood all parts of the body, while RV pumps blood to the lungs
thickness of atria to ventricles
ventricles are must thicker than atria
importance of septum in heart
helps separate the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood
how blood travels through heart
vena cava –> right atrium –> atrioventricular valve –> right ventricle –> pulmoary valve –> pulmonary artery –> pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> atrioventricular valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta
structure of artery
thick, muscular, elastic wall (withstand blood flowing at high pressure)
small lumen
vein structures
thin wall (carries blood that flows at lower pressures than oxygenated blood)
large lumen (more space for blood)
contains valves (prevent back flow of blood)
Capillary adaptations
One cell thick walls - to maximise diffusion rate
Small lumen - blood flow is slow to maximise exchange process
Semi-permeable wall - to allow diffusion of gases and nutrients
always a dense network - larger surface area larger the rate of diffusion
pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs
Pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated blood from your lungs to your heart
Renal artery (kidney)
large blood vesssels that carry blood from your heart to your kidney
renal vein (kidney)
carries deoxgenated blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava
Hepatic
relating to liver
hepatic portal vein
carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder
components in blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
red blood cell
transport oxygen around the body
white blood cells
phagocytosis and antibody produciton
platelets
these clot to prevent blood loss during injury
plasma
watery fluids that holds all components of blood (RBC, WBC, platelets) digested food (glucose, amino acids, and soluble nutrients), also carries urea, hormones, proteins, and heat energy
role of blood clotting
prevents blood loss and entry of pathogens
lymphocytes
antibody produciton
phagocytes
englufing pathogens by phagocytosis
process of blood clotting
- platelets release chemicals
- they cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin
- an insoluble mesh forms around the wound that traps the RBCs
- forming a clot that dries and develops into a scab
phagocytosis
a process by which one cell engulfs another cell
