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Biology IGSCE > 16.4 - 16.6 Reproduction in humans > Flashcards

16.4 - 16.6 Reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

prostate gland

A

produces fluid called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients

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2
Q

sperm duct

A

sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

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3
Q

urethra (male)

A

tube running down centre of penis that can carry out urine or semen, a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing

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4
Q

testis

A

produces sperm and testosterone

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5
Q

scrotum

A

sac supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm are kept at temps slightly lower than body temp

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6
Q

penis

A

allows semen to pass into the vagina during sexual intercourse

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7
Q

oviduct

A

Connects the ovary to the uterus.
Lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it.
Site of fertilisation.

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8
Q

Ovary

A

contains ova which will mature and develop when hormones are released

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9
Q

uterus

A

muscular bag with a soft lining where the fertilised egg will be implanted to develop into fetus

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10
Q

cervix

A

ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing fetus in place during pregnancy

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11
Q

vagina

A

where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse and where sperm are deposited

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12
Q

sperm cell adaptations

A

flagella - allows it to swim through the female reproductive system
acrosome in head - contains enzymes so that sperm can penetrate egg
many mitochondria - to produce energy

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13
Q

egg cell adaptations

A

jelly-like coating that changes after fertilisation
- forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilisation to prevent other sperm nuclei from entering
cytoplasm which contains a store of energy - provides energy for the dividing zygote after fertilisation

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14
Q

Sperm cell in terms of: size, motility, and numbers

A

Size: very small (45 nano meters)
motilitiy: capable of moving on place to another (locomotion)
numbers: produced in huge numbers

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15
Q

Egg cell in terms of: size, motility, and numbers

A

Size: Large (0.15mm)
Motility: not capable of locomotion
Numbers: one released each month

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16
Q

embryo

A

the ball of cells that result from the division (by mitosis) of the zygote

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17
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division in which one diploid cell divides to produce two new diploid cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself

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18
Q

After fertilisation what happens to the zygote?

A
  1. Zygote travels down the oviduct and divides by mitosis to form an embryo
  2. Implantation occurs
  3. The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid form
  4. The embryo diffrentiates to produce a variety of tissues and organs
  5. The embryo is referred to as fetus
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19
Q

gestation

A

the period from fertilisation to birth - about 38 weeks.

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20
Q

what happens in early development for the zygote?

A

The zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants itself into the lining of the uterus

21
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A tempory organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy.

22
Q

function of placenta

A
  1. Allows substances to diffuse from the mum’s blood to the fetus (e.g. oxygen and glucose). Substances can also diffuse from the fetus to the mum’s blood (e.g. carbon dioxide and urea)
  2. Provides a barrier to toxins and pathogens (but not all toxin molecules or pathogenic organisms are stopped from passing)
  3. Protection: from the mum’s immune system and against flunctuations in mum’s blood pressure
  4. Secretion of hormones (progesterone) to maintain the lining of the uterus
23
Q

Adapative features of the placenta for diffusion

A

Very large surface area between it and the uterus wall.
Villi increase.
Rich supply of maternal blood vessels.

24
Q

Function of umbilical cord

A

The umbilical artery - carries urea and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the mothers blood
The umbilical vein - carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus

25
Q

Labour stages

A
  1. When birth starts, the uterus begins to contract rhythmically
  2. the regular contractions become stronger and more frequent
  3. the opening of the cervix gradually widens (dilates) enough to let the babies head pass through andthe contractions of the muscles in the uterus are assisted by muscular contraction of the abdomen
  4. the amniotic sac breaks at some stage in labour and the fluid escapes through the vagina
  5. the muscular contractions of the uterus wall and abdomen push the abby head first through the widened cervix and vagina
  6. the umbilcal cord is tied and cut
  7. the placenta breaks away from the uterus and is pushed out seperately
26
Q

Antenatal (before birth) care of pregnant women

A
  1. should take more folic acid to prevent developmental issues and iron to prevent anemia
  2. should not do heavy lifting
  3. stay away from drugs
  4. vaccination against rubella
  5. do not smoke - reduces the amount of oxygen in bloodstream = higher likelihood of miscarriage and premature birth
  6. do not drink - damages nervous system, espiecally the brain = underweight, sick children
27
Q

What does testosterone do during puberty

A

Hoarse voice, increased growth rate, broad muscles, sperm production

28
Q

What does estrogen/progesterone do during puberty

A

fat depostiion, ovulation, menstruation

29
Q

role of oestrogen

A
  • stimualtes thickening of the uterus lining
  • inhibits FSH secretion
  • stimulates secretion of LH
30
Q

role of LH

A

stimulates ovulation
results in the formation of a corpus luteum (yellow body)

31
Q

role of FSH

A

stimulates egg maturation in the follicles of the ovary
stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete oestrogen

32
Q

role of progesterone

A

maintains and thickens the uterus lining
if fertiliastion doesn’t occur, levels drop and menstruation occurs

33
Q

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A

an infection that is transmitter through sexual contact

34
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

a pathogen that causes an STI

35
Q

what may a HIV infection lead to?

A

AIDS

36
Q

How to control the spread of STIs

A
  • limiting number of sexual partners
  • not having unprotected sex (use condoms)
  • getting tested (if sex with multiple partners has occured)
  • raising awareness by education programmes
37
Q

methods of transmission of HIV

A

blood, semen and pre-seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, mucus and breast milk

38
Q

menstrual cycle in full

A

FSH is released from the PITUITARY gland and this causes the egg to START to MATURE
FSH then triggers the ovaries to stimulate the PRODUCTION of ESTROGEN.
Once ESTROGEN is released, the UTERUS lining begins to THICKEN and the egg matures.
Once the egg matures, LH is released and this triggers OVULATION to occur and LH also triggers the production of progesterone.
After ovulation, the levels of estrogen drop.
This DROP in estrogen levels result in the release of progesterone,
As progesterone levels rise, this further thickens the UTERUS lining (prep for pregnancy)
Buf if the egg fails to get fertilised by the sperm, the levels of progesterone beings to decrease
Low levels of progesterone results in the uterus lining to break down
The uterus lining breaking down is what causes a period.

39
Q

STI

A

sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact

40
Q

An example of a pathogen that causes an STI

A

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

41
Q

What can a HIV infection lead to?

A

AIDS

42
Q

How are STI controlled (individual)

A
  • know the sexual history of partner
  • use a condom/femidom for barrier protection
  • have a medical chekcl if symptoms occur
43
Q

How are STI controlled (community)

A
  • indivuals at greatest risk can be offered (free) tests for STIs
  • Sexual contacts can be traced to identify sources of infection
44
Q

How are STI controlled (Worldwide)

A
  • education programs to prevent infection
  • provision of antiviral
  • developement of vaccines and antivirals
45
Q

How HIV affects the immune system
(NOT IN SYLLABUS, can skip)

A

HIV virus attacks the immune system
Infects a certain type of lymphocyte.
(HIV avoids being recognised and destroyed by repeatedly changing its protein coat)
Reduces the number of lymphocytes of the immune system, and the number of antibodies that can be made
Decreasing the body’s ability to fight off infections, leading to AIDS

46
Q

Fertility drugs how work

A

Fertility drugs contain FSH. It stimulates oestrogen production and the growth of follicles (egg-sacs) in the ovary

47
Q

Methods of HIV transmission

A

Body fluids (often during unprotected sex), also through cuts and injecting drugs using shared needles.

48
Q

social implications of using fertility drugs

A

May have multiple births
Problem with unused embryos
Issues with elderly parents
Religious objections to use of fertility drugs
Increases population
Idea that stress is associated with difficulty having children

Biology IGSCE (25 decks)

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