7 Human Nutrition

Question 1

balanced diet

Answer 1

a diet differeing in foods so that the requirement for calories, proteins, minerals and vitamins and nutrients is adequate

Question 2

importance of carbohydrates

Answer 2

bodys main fuel source

Question 3

importance of fats and oils

Answer 3

helps your body absorb fat-solutble vitamins such as A, D, E and K

Question 4

importance of proteins

Answer 4

help body repair cells and make new ones

Question 5

importance of vitamin C

Answer 5

forms an essential part of collagen protein, which makes up skin, hair, gums and bones.
- deficiency causes scurvy

Question 6

importance of vitamin D

Answer 6

help absorb calcium for strong teeth and bones

Question 7

importance of calcium

Answer 7

• needed for strong steeth and bones
• involved in the clotting of blood
• deficiency can lead to osteoporosis

Question 8

importance of iron

Answer 8

required for the formation of haemoglobin

Question 9

importance of fibre

Answer 9

acts as a bulking agent to the body and helps remove waste (cannot be digested)

Question 10

importance of water

Answer 10

keep a normal temperature, lubricate and cushion joints, protect organs, rid of wastes

Question 11

scurvy caused by

Answer 11

not having enough vitamin C in your diet

Question 12

rickets caused by

Answer 12

a lack of vitamin D or calcium

Question 13

main digestive system organs

Answer 13

alimentary canal: mouth oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Question 14

associated digestive system organs

Answer 14

salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

Question 15

ingestion

Answer 15

taking in of substances - food and drink - into the body

Question 16

digestion

Answer 16

the breakdown of food

Question 17

absorption

Answer 17

the movement of digested food molecules through the walls of the intestine and into the blood

Question 18

assimilation

Answer 18

movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cell

Question 19

egestion

Answer 19

the removal of undigested food from the body as faeces

Question 20

physical digestion

Answer 20

breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Question 21

why does physical digestion occur?

Answer 21

it increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion

Question 22

enamel

Answer 22

hard, calcified outer covering used to break down food

Question 23

dentin

Answer 23

softer, more vulnerable material which is the tooths last defense for the tooth pulp if enamel is broken/dissolved

Question 24

cementum

Answer 24

calcified connective tissue which attaches tooth in jaw, keeping it firmly in place

Question 25

insisors

Answer 25

four front teeth in the upper and lower part of jaw. single root and a sharp incisal edge. function is to cut food

Question 26

canines

Answer 26

four next teeth next to incisors. single pointed cusp and a single root. function to tear food

Question 27

premolars

Answer 27

positioned after canines. function to crush and grind food

Question 28

molars

Answer 28

furthest teeth away from the front. broader and flat. function to grind food

Question 29

bile role

Answer 29

• emulsifies fats to increase their SA for enzymes to digest them
• An akalali mixture that neutralises acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach - to provide a suitable pH for enzyme activity

Question 30

oesophagus

Answer 30

carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach

Question 31

mouth

Answer 31

breaks down food into smaller pieces, amylase from salivary glands break down starch

Question 32

stomach

Answer 32

• creates digestive juices and breaks down food
• contains muscles that
  contract to mix food wiht the strong digestive juices
• hydrochloric acid kills harmful microorganisms in food and provides a pH of 2 for opt enzyme activity

Question 33

pancreas

Answer 33

produces pancreatic juices to digest substances (amylase, protease, lipase)

Question 34

liver

Answer 34

produces bile and stores it in the gallbladder, detoxifies alcohols, de and reamination

Question 35

small intestine

Answer 35

further digests food with the pancreatic juices, most water is absorbed here

Question 36

large intestine

Answer 36

absorbs water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, forming and propelling faeces towards the rectum for elimination

Question 37

villi

Answer 37

tiny hair-like projections that are made up of cells that line the lining of the small intestine. it absorbs nutrients and shuttle them into your blood stream

Question 38

chemical digestion

Answer 38

break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

Question 39

amylase

Answer 39

breaks down starch into maltose produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, yet used in the mouth and small intestine

Question 40

pepsin

Answer 40

breaks down proteins into amino acids produced and used in the stomach
(acidic conditions)

Question 41

trypsin

Answer 41

breaks down proteins into amino acids produced in the pancreas and used in the small intestine
(alkaline conditions)

Question 42

lipase

Answer 42

breaks down fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol produced in the pancreas and use in the small intestine

Question 43

Peristalsis

Answer 43

series of muscle contractions that help move substances from mouth to stomach

Question 44

Treatment of CHD

Answer 44

Angioplasty (balloon inserted into artery)
Bypass graft (make another way for blood to pass)
Heart Transplant

Question 45

lacteal (villi)

Answer 45

absorbs fatty acids and glycerol

Question 46

blood capillary (villi)

Answer 46

absorbs glucose and amino acids

Question 47

thin epithelium purpose (villi)

Answer 47

one cell thick to increase diffusion rate
microvilli to increase surface area for absorption

Question 48

maltase

Answer 48

breaks down maltose to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining in the small intestine

Question 49

Some of the cells on the surface of the villi secrete mucus for protection.
Suggest what the villi need to be protected against

Answer 49

protected agaisnt the enzymes and stomach acid, so no physical damage happens.
(against pathogens)

Question 50

anus

Answer 50

(part of large intestine)
where indigestible food is egested

Question 51

effects of build up of cholesterol

Answer 51

cause CHD/heart attack/cardiac arrest;
reduced blood flow/blockage of artery/arteries;
damaged artery wall;
aneurysm;
causes high blood pressure;
reduced supply of oxygen to heart muscle;
muscles respires anaerobically;