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Biology IGSCE > 17 Inheritance > Flashcards

17 Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes

A

made of DNA: which contains genetic information in the form of genes

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2
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a protein

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3
Q

Allele

A

alternate form of gene

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4
Q

describe the inheritance of sex in humans

A

out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair determines the sex of the individual. Males have XY and females have XX.

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5
Q

what determines the sequences of amino acids used to make a specific protein

A

the sequences of bases in a gene

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6
Q

Explain that different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules

A
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7
Q

How does DNA control cell function

A

By controlling the production of proteins, including enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Explain how a protein is made:

A
  • the gene coding for the protein remains in the nucleus
  • messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene
  • mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm
  • the mRNA passes through ribosomes
  • the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules
  • the specific sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA
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9
Q

Why, even though the body cells in an organism contain the same genes, not all are expressed?

A

Beacuse the cell only makes the specific proteins it needs

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10
Q

haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes

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11
Q

diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

What’s in a diploid cell

A

A pair of each type of chromosome and in a human diploid cell there are 23 pairs

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13
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

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14
Q

role of mitosis

A

growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of cells and asexual reproduction

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15
Q

what occurs before mitosis

A

the exact replication of chromosomes

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16
Q

what occurs during mitosis

A

the copies of chromosomes seperate, maintaining the chromosome number in each daughter cell

17
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialised for specific functions

18
Q

meiosis

A

a reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid ruslting in genetically different cells

19
Q

what process is involved in the production of gametes

A

meiosis

20
Q

inheritance

A

the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

21
Q

describe genotype

A

the genetic make up of an organism (and in terms of the alleles present)

22
Q

describe phenotype

A

the observable features of an organism

23
Q

describe homozygous

A

two identical alleles of a particular gene

24
Q

pure breeding

A

when two identical homozygous individuals breed together

25
Q

describe heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene

26
Q

what type of inidividual will not be purebreeding?

A

a heterozygous individual

27
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype

28
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype

29
Q

3 Explain how to use a test cross to identify an
unknown genotype

A

by crossing two parents to see the phenoypic ratio of the offspring produced.
- a homozygous recessive individual should be crossed with the unknown genotype individual

30
Q

Codominance

A

a situation in which both alleles in heterzygous organisms contribute to the phenotype

31
Q

Which blood types are dominant and which are recessive?

A

A and B are dominant. O is recessive.

32
Q

sex-linked characteristic

A

a feature in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome and that this makes the characteristic more common in one sex than in the other

33
Q

example of sex linkage

A

red-green colour blindness

Biology IGSCE (25 decks)

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