Passmed PSA Mushkies Flashcards
2 medications taken at night?
- Statins
2. Amitryptiline
Hypoglycaemia conscious pt Mx?
10-20g short-acting carbohydrate (e.g. a glass of lucozade or non-diet drink, 3 or more glucose tablets, glucose gel)
Paracetamol dose?
1g QDS
Ibuprofen dose?
200-400mg TDS
Codeine dose?
30-60mg QDS
Co-codamol 8/500 or coc-codamol 30/500 dose?
2 tabs QDS
Cyclizine dose?
50mg TDS
Metoclopramide dose?
10mg TDS
Amoxicillin dose?
500mg TDS
Clarithromycin dose?
500mg BD
Lansoprazole dose?
15-30mg OD
Omeprazole dose?
20-40mg OD
Aspirin dose?
75-300mg OD
Clopidogrel dose?
75-300mg OD
Simvastatin dose?
10-80mg ON
Atenolol dose?
25-100mg OD
Ramipril dose?
1.25-10mg OD
Bendroflumethiazide dose?
2.5mg OD
Furosemide dose?
20mg OD - 80mg BD
Amlodipine dose?
5-10mg OD
Levothyroxine dose?
25-200mcg OD
Metformin dose?
500mg OD - 1g BD
Indapamide MOA?
Thiazide-like diuretic
Normal hypothyroid pt starting dose?
50-100mcg OD
When should hypothyroidism starting dose be lower (25mcg OD then slowly titrated?
- Cardiac disease pts
- Severe hypothyroidism pts
- > 50y/o pts
Following a change in thyroxine dose, when should TFTs be checked?
After 8-12 weeks
Therapeutic goal of hypothyroidism Mx?
Normalisation of the TSH (0.5-2.5 mU/l)
Hypothyroid pregnant woman dose change?
Increased by at least 25-50mcg, aiming for a low-normal TSH value
4 s/e of thyroxine therapy?
- Hyperthyroidism
- Reduced BMD
- Worsening of angina
- AF
Interactions of levothyroxine?
- Iron (absorption of levothyroxine reduced, give at least 4 hours apart)
- Calcium carbonate
What should be checked every 6m in a pt on lithium?
U&E and TFTs
Lithium range?
0.4-1
When should lithium level be checked?
12 hours post dose
When should ciclosporin level be checked?
Trough levels immediately before dose
When should digoxin level be checked?
At least 6 hours post dose
When should phenytoin levels be checked?
- Do not need be measured routinely, but trough levels, immediately before dose should be checked if:
a. Adjustment of phenytoin dose
b. Suspected toxicity
c. Detection of non-adherence to the prescribed medication
Toxic paracetamol dose?
150mg/kg
When should IV acetylcysteine be started?
- There is a staggered overdose or there is doubt over the time of paracetamol ingestion, regardless of the plasma paracetamol concentration; or
- The plasma paracetamol concentration is on or above a single treatment line joining points of 100 mg/L at 4 hours and 15 mg/L at 15 hours, regardless of risk factors of hepatotoxicity
Paracetamol OD w/in 1hr Mx?
Activated charcoal
Duration of acetylcysteine infusion?
1 hour (to reduce the number of adverse effects)
Acetylcysteine complication?
Anaphylactoid reaction (non-IgE mediated mast cell release)
Mx of acetylcysteine anaphylactoid reaction?
Stopping the infusion, then restarting at a slower rate
Criteria for liver transplantation after paracetamol OD?
King’s College Hospital criteria
King’s College Hospital criteria?
For paracetamol liver failure –> liver transplantation
1. Arterial pH < 7.3, 24 hour after ingestion
OR all of the following
a. PT > 100s
b. Creatinine > 300umol/l
c. Grade III/IV encephalopathy
Staggered OD defn?
If all tablets were not taken within 1 hour
Classification of insulin?
- By manufacturing process
2. By duration of action
Insulin manufacturing process types?
- Porcine
- Human sequence
- Analogues
What are the different subtypes of insulin based on duration of action?
- Rapid acting analogues
- Short acting
- Intermediate acting
- Long acting analogues
- Premixed preparations
What is the onset, peak and duration of rapid acting insulin?
O = 5 mins P = 1 hour D = 3-5 hours
What is the onset, peak and duration of short acting insulin?
O = 30 mins P = 3 hours D = 6-8 hours
What is the onset, peak and duration of intermediate acting insulin?
O = 2 hours P = 5-8 hours D = 12-18 hours
What is the onset, peak and duration of long acting insulin?
O = 1-2 hours P = flat profile D = up to 24 hours
What are some rapid acting insulin analogues?
- Insulin aspart = NovoRapid
2. Insulin lispro = Humalog
What are some short acting insulins?
- Actrapid (soluble)
2. Humulin (soluble)
What are some intermediate acting insulins?
Isophane insulin, often used in premixed formulation with long acting insulin
What are some long acting insulins?
- Insulin detemir = Levemir = Od or BD
2. Insulin glargine = Lantus = OD
What is a premixed insulin preparation?
- Combine intermediate acting insulin with with either:
- Rapid acting insulin analogue OR
- Soluble insulin
Why is gentamicin given parenterally?
It is poorly lipid soluble
2 forms of gentamicin?
- IV = e.g. for IE
2. Topical = e.g. for otitis externa
2 s/e of gentamicin?
- Ototoxicity = irreversible, due to auditory or vestibular nerve damage
- Nephrotoxicity = accumulates in renal failure, lower doses and more frequent monitoring required
C/I of gentamicin?
Myasthenia gravis
Dosing of gentamicin?
- Due to the significant ototoxic and nephrotoxic s/e, has to be monitored
- Both peak (1 hour after administration) and trough levels (just before the next dose) are measured
- If the trough (pre-dose) level is high the interval between the doses should be increased
- If the peak (post-dose) level is high the dose should be decreased
Cytochrome P450 inducers?
PC BRASSS
- Phenytoin
- Carbamazepine
- Barbiturates
- Rifampicin
- Alcohol (Chronic)
- Sulfonylureas
- Smoking
- St Johns Wort
Cytochrome P450 inhibitors?
AO DEVICES GR
- Allopurinol, amiodarone, antifungals
- Omeprazole
- Disulfiram
- Erythromycin
- Valproate
- Izoniazid
- Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin
- Ethanol (acute)
- Sulphonamides, SSRIs
- Grapefruit juice
- Ritonavir
Examples of drugs which interact with enzyme inhibitors/inducers?
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- Warfarin
- COCP
- Theophylline
- Corticosteroids
- Tricyclics
- Pethidine
- Statins
Narrow therapeutic range drugs that have many interactions?
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- Gentamicin
- Warfarin
- Lithium
- Digoxin
- Theophylline
- Methotrexate
- Phenytoin
- Insulin
- Ciclosporin
Metformin interaction?
Concomitant use of Metformin and Cimetidine decrease the excretion of Metformin, resulting in increased exposure of Metformin and elevated risk of Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA). It is recommended to reduce the dose of Metformin when Cimetidine is co-prescribed.
Gentamicin interaction?
Loop diuretics (renal failure risk)
ACE inhibitor interactions?
- Potassium-sparing diuretic (hyperkalaemia)
2. Metformin (enhances hypoglycaemic effect)
Statin interactions?
- Macrolide
2. Amiodarone (increased statin conc and thus risk of rhabdo)
Thiazide interactions?
- PPI (hyponatraemia)
2. Lithium (increased toxicity)
P450 inducer INR effect?
INR will decrease
P450 inhibitor INR effect?
INR will increase
HF management?
- First-line treatment for all patients is both an ACE-inhibitor and a beta-blocker*. Generally, one drug should be started at a time
- Scond-line treatment is now either an aldosterone antagonist, angiotensin II receptor blocker or a hydralazine in combination with a nitrate
- If symptoms persist cardiac resynchronisation therapy or digoxin** should be considered. An alternative supported by NICE in 2012 is ivabradine.
- The criteria for ivabradine include that the patient is already on suitable therapy (ACE-inhibitor, beta-blocker + aldosterone antagonist), has a heart rate > 75/min and a left ventricular fraction < 35%
- Diuretics should be given for fluid overload
- Offer annual influenza vaccine
- Offer one-off*** pneumococcal vaccine
3 s/es of statins?
- Myopathy
- Liver impairment
- Intracerebral haemorrhage in pts who’ve previously had a stroke
2 c/is to statins?
- Macrolides
2. Pregnancy
Who should receive a statin?
- All with established CVD
- Anyone with QRISK >10%
- Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who were diagnosed more than 10 years ago OR are aged over 40 OR have established nephropathy
When to increase atorvastatin 20mg dose?
If non-HDL has not reduced for >=40%
When use 80mg atorvastatin dose?
- Known IHD
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral arterial dsease
When use 20mg atorvastatin dose?
- QRISK >10%
- Most T1DM
- CKD if eGFR < 60ml/min/m2
General factors that may potentiate warfarin?
- Liver disease
- P450 enzyme inhibitors
- Cranberry juice
- Drugs which displace warfarin from plasma albumin e.g. NSAIDs
- Inhibit plt function e.g. NSAIDs
Drugs to be avoided in breastfeeding?
- Ciprofloxacin
- Tetracycline
- Chloramphenicol
- Sulphonamides/Sulfonylureas
- Lithium
- Benzos
- Aspirin
- Carbimazole
- Methotrexate
- Cytotoxics
- Amiodarone
3 drugs that should be used with caution in asthma?
- NSAIDs
- BBs
- Adenosine
Amlodipine starting dose?
5mg
WHO analgesia ladder step 1?
Non-opioid analgesics
- Paracetamol
- NSAIDs, incl. aspirin
WHO analgesia ladder step 2?
Mild opioid analgesics
- Codeine
- Dihydrocodeine
WHO analgesia ladder step 3?
Strong opioid analgesics
1. Morphine
3 drugs that decrease serum potassium?
- Thiazide diuretics
- Loop diuretics
- Acetozolamide
5 drugs that increase serum potassium?
- ACEi
- ARBs
- Spironolactone
- K sparin giuretics
- Sando-K
Minimal glucocorticoid activity, very high mineralocorticoid activity?
Fludrocortisone
Glucocorticoid activity, high mineralocorticoid activity?
Hydrocortisone
Predominant glucocorticoid activity, low mineralocorticoid activity?
Prednisolone
Very high glucocorticoid activity, minimal mineralocorticoid activity?
Dexamethasone, betamethasone
Bisphosphonates MOA?
Bisphosphonates are analogues of pyrophosphate, a molecule which decreases demineralisation in bone. They inhibit osteoclasts by reducing recruitment and promoting apoptosis.
Uses of bisphosphonates?
- Osteoporosis
- Hypercalcaemia
- Paget’s
- Pain from bone metastases
5 s/e of bisphosphonates?
- Oesophagitis/ulcers
- Osteonecrosis of the jaw
- Atypical stress fractures
- Acute phase response
- Hypocalcaemia
BNF taking bisphosphonates advice?
‘Tablets should be swallowed whole with plenty of water while sitting or standing; to be given on an empty stomach at least 30 minutes before breakfast (or another oral medication); patient should stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes after taking tablet’
When should bisphosphonates be stopped after 5 years?
- Pt < 75y/o
- Femoral neck T-score of >-2/5
- Low risk according to FRAX/NOGG
What % of pts with asthma experience bronchospasm after NSAIDS?
10-20%, risk is greater in those with nasal polyps
2 C/I to adenosine?
Asthma and COPD
Mx of urge incontinence?
Oxybutynin 5mg PO BD
Drugs C/I in HF?
- Glitazones (thiazolidinediones) as causes fluid retention
- Verapamil = -ive inotropic effect
- NSAIDs/glucocorticoids as they cause fluid retention
- Class I antiarrhythmics
Factors that may potentiate warfarin?
- Liver disease
- P450 inhibitors
- Cranberyy juice
- NSAIDs (displace warfarin from plasma albumin + inhibit plt function)
Dalteparin dose?
2500-5000 units SC OD
Enoxaparin dose?
40mg SC OD
Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis?
Amoxicillin/tetracycline/clarithromcyin
Acute prostatitis?
Quinolone or trimethoprim
Impetigo?
Topical fusidic acid/oral flucloxacillin/erythromycin if widespread
Animal/human bite?
Co-amoxiclav
Sinusitis?
Amoxicillin
Gonorrhoea?
IM ceftriaxone + oral azithromycin
Chlamydia?
Doxycycline
PID?
Metronidazole + doxycycline + IM ceftriaxone
Salmonella (non-typhoid) or shigellosis?
Ciprofloxacin
Otitis externa?
Flucloxacillin
Atenolol dose?
50mg PO BD
Bisoprolol dose?
10mg PO OD
Metoprolol dose?
50-100mg PO BD
Propranolol dose?
40mg PO BD
Verapamil dose?
80-120mg PO TDS
Diltiazem dose?
60mg PO BD
Nifedipine dose?
20-30mg PO OD
Isosorbide mononitrate dose?
10-20mg PO BD/TDS
Metronidazole dose for C.diff?
400mg PO TDS 14 days
Vancomycin dose?
125mg PO QDS
What drug reduces hypoglycaemic awareness?
BBs
Lactulose dose?
15ml PO BD
Macrogol dose?
2 Sachets PO BD
Movicol dose?
2 Sachets PO BD
Senna dose?
7.5mg PO BD
Docusate dose?
100mg PO QDS
Laxative types?
- Osmotic
- Stimulants
- Bulk forming
- Stool softeners
Osmotic laxatives?
- Lactulose
- Macrogol
- Rectal phosphates
Stimulant laxatives?
- Senna
- Docusate
- Bisacodyl
- Glycerol
To only which pt group should Co-danthramer be prescribed?
Palliative pts due to its carcinogenic potential
Bulk forming laxatives?
- Isphagula husk
2. Methylcellulose
Faecal softeners
- Arachis oil enemas
2. Not commonly prescribed
O2 prior to obtaining blood gases for a COPD pt?
- 27% Venturi mask at 4L/min, aiming for O2 sats of 88-92%
2. 94-98% if pCO2 is normal
Maintenance wate?
30ml/kg/day
Maintenance K, Na and Cl?
1mmol/kg/day
Maintenance glucose?
50-100g/day
2 loop diuretics?
- Furosemide
2. Bumetanide
Metronidazole P450?
Inhibitor
ACS Morphine dose?
2.5mg IV
ACS metoclopramide dose?
10mg IV
Aminophylline dose?
5mg/kg if not already on a xanthine
Aminophylline rate of infusion?
500mcg/kg/hour
Lansoprazole dose?
30mg PO OD
Omeprazole dose?
40mg PO PD
Pantoprazole dose?
40mg PO OD
Ranitidine dose?
150mg PO BD
Cefotaxime dose?
1g/2g IV STAT
Ceftriaxone dose?
1g/2g IV STAT
Benzypenicillin dose?
1.2g/2.4g IV or IM STAT
Anaphylaxis hydrocortisone dose?
200mg IV
Anaphylaxis chlorphenamine dose?
10mg IV
Adenosine svt dose?
6mg IV STAT
Verapamil svt dose?
2-5-5mg IV STAT
Hydrocortisone asthma dose?
100mg IV QDS
Ipratropium asthma dose?
500mcg Neb QDS
What % of pts allergic to penicillin are also allergic to cephalosporins?
0.5-6.5%
Emergency contraception doses?
- Levonorgestrel 1.5mg PO STAT
2. Ulipristal acetate 30mg PO STAT
Levonorgestrel MOA?
Stops ovulation and inhibits implantation
Ulipristal MOA?
SPRM
When should you have gradual withdrawal of systemic steroids?
- Received >40mg prednisolone for >1 week
- Received more than 3 weeks tx
- Recently received repeat courses
Fluoxetine dose?
20mg PO OD
Citalopram dose?
20mg PO OD
Sertraline dose?
50mg PO OD
Paroxetine dose?
20mg PO OD
Gentamicin peak target?
3-5mg/litre
Gentamicin trough target?
<1mg/litre
Drug causes of SIADH
- Sulfonylureas
- SSRIs, TCAs
- Carbamazepine
2 weekly medications?
- Bisphosphonates
2. Methotrexate
5 s/e of tamoxifen?
- Menstrual disturbance
- Hot flushes
- VTE
- Endometrial cancer
- Osteoporosis
Flucloxacillin dose?
250-500mg PO QDS
Trimethoprim dose?
200mg PO BD
Nitrofurantoin dose?
50mg PO QDS