Passive Flashcards

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1
Q

Forming werden passive

A

Werden passive is more common and denotes a process rather than a state.

Present tense: der Patient wird geheilt (the patient is healed)

Past tense: Das Haus wurde abgerissen (the house was pulled down)

Pluperfect: ich war gelobt worden (i had been praised)

Perfect tense: Der Angestellte ist entlassen worden (the employee has been sacked)

Future: Das Buch wird verdrängt werden (the book will be replaced)

Future perfect: ich werde gelobt worden sein (i will have been praised)

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2
Q

Werden passive with transitive verbs

A

Transitive verbs are verbs which take a direct object in the accusative case.

Almost all transitive verbs can be used to form passive where the accusative becomes the subject (and therefore in nominal case)

Eg mein Vater liest den Roman becomes Der Roman wird gelesen

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3
Q

Transitive verbs that cannot form werden passive

A

Verbs of knowing, containing, possessing and receiving (i.e. Bedeuten, bekommen, besitzen, enthalten, erhalten, haben, kennen etc) cannot take werden passive

Then other constructions need to be used

Eg das Schloss gehört dem Grafen (the castle is owned by the count) not *wird x besessen

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4
Q

Forming werden passive with verbs governing dative

A

If a verb which takes a dative object (indirect object) is used in the passive then the object remains in the dative case

Eg ihm wurde für seine Hilfe gedankt

In these constructions since the verb is subjectless/impersonal the third person singular is always used

Eg ihnen kann geholfen werden (not: ihnen können geholfen werden)

This also applies to verbs governing accusative and dative objects. The accusative object can become passive subject (nominal) but dative remains dative
Eg Dem alten Mann wurde das Geld gegeben

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5
Q

Subjectless werden passive

A

The werden passive can be used without a subject to denote an activity going on in general

Eg es wird getanzt (there’s dancing going on)

This can only be used with verbs that express continuous activity

Es is used if there is no preceding other words/phrases

Eg sie hörten, wie im Nebenzimmer geredet wurde or es wurde geredet

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6
Q

Forms of the sein passive

A

The sein passive indicates a state whereas werden passive indicates a process.

Present tense: ich bin beruhigt

Past tense: ich war beruhigt

Perfect tense: ich bin beruhigt gewesen

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7
Q

Sein vs werden passive

A

Sein indicates a state and werden passive a process.

Eg Der Tisch wird gedeckt (table is being laid)
Vs Der Tisch ist gedeckt (the table is laid)

The werden passive is used for progressive tense (ongoing activity)

Sein passive the past participle is essentially descriptive (die Stadt war zerstört)

Given that sein passive expresses a state resulting from previous action it is normally only used with verbs whose actions produce a clear result (eg bauen/brechen/öffnen/verletzten etc)
Words that do not produce clear actions use werden passive (eg bemerken/brauchen/sehen etc)

The two are interchangeable when referring to continuous state
Eg die Insel ist bewohnt and die Insel wird bewohnt (island is populated)

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8
Q

Sein and werden passive with geboren

A

Ich bin geboren isnused when no other circumstance other than location are used
Eg ich bin in Hamburg geboren

If further circumstances such as date are mentioned then ich wurde geboren is used
Eg ich wurde im Jahr 1985 in Hamburg geboren

If referring to dead people then either can be used

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9
Q

Von with passive

A

In order to express the agent in the passive

Von indicates the agent who actually carries out the action. This is usually a person but can be an inanimate object.
Eg ich war von meinem Onkel gewarnt worden

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10
Q

Durch with passive

A

Durch expresses the means by which the action is carried out.
This is most often a thing which is the involuntary cause of the occurrence but can also be a person acting as an intermediary

Eg ich wurde durch den Starken Verkehr aufgehalten.

There is often confusion between use of Von and durch (unclear whether agent has caused an action involuntarily etc) then both are equally acceptable
Eg der Baum ist von dem Blitz/durch den Blitz getroffen worden

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11
Q

Mit with passive

A

Mit indicates the instrument used to carry out an action

Eg Das schloss musste mit einem Hammer geöffnet werden.

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12
Q

‘Man’ as passive

A

Man can be used in German where English uses passive

Eg man sagt dass (it’s said that)

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13
Q

Bekommen/kriegen as passive

A

Bekommen/kriegen can be used to make a dative object the subject.
This is formed with past participle
Eg ich schenke meinem Bruder das Buch becomes mein Bruder bekommt/kriegt das Buch von mir geschenkt

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14
Q

Reflexive verbs as passive

A

With verbs that denote accomplishments or activities a verb can be used with ‘sich’ to give sense of passive

Eg Das erklärt sich leicht

An adverb of manner is usually required with transitive verbs as above

An adverb of manner and place is required with intransitive verbs
Eg es fährt sich gut auf der Autobahn

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15
Q

Sich lassen as passive

A

Expresses possibility and means much the same as können with a passive infinitive

Eg dass lässt sich erklären (das kann erklärt werden)

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16
Q

Adjectives ending in -bar as passive

A

These adjectives correspond to English adjectives ending in ‘-able’/’-ible’

Eg diese Muscheln sind nicht essbar
(Diese Muscheln können nicht gegessen werden)