Infinitive Flashcards

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1
Q

Form/position of zu with infinitive

A

With simple verbs and verbs with inseparable prefixes: zu comes immediately before the verb
Eg sie fing an zu schreiben

Verbs with separable prefix: zu is placed between prefix and verb
Eg es war schön euch wiederzusehen

With compound infinitives, zu is placed between participle and auxiliary haben/sein/werden
Eg er verleugnet es sie betrogen zu haben
Es freut mich sie hier begrüßen zu dürfen

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2
Q

Use of infinitive zu

A

Infinitive zu occurs in its own reduced clause (Infinitiv Satz)
Eg er fing an ‘heftig zu weinen’

It is usually separate from the main clause in a sentence (i.e. Not enclosed inside the clause it depends on)
Eg sie hatten beschossen, vor dem Rathaus zu warten
NOT: sie hatten vor dem Rathaus zu warten beschossen

However if there is only the finite verb and it’s subject in the main clause, the infinitive clause can be incorporated with the main clause by splicing the object of the infinitive in to it
Eg er wagte ‘die Reise’ aus diesem Grunde nicht ‘abzubrechen’
Where ‘die Reise abzubrechen’ is the infinitive clause, ‘wagte’

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3
Q

Infinitive clause with zu as subject of verb

A

The infinitive clause with zu can be the subject of a verb:
Eg ‘ihn zu überzeugen’ wird nicht leicht sein

It can be anticipated with ‘es’
Eg es war nicht möglich ihm früher zu mailen

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4
Q

Infinitive clause with zu as object

A

The infinitive clause can be used as the object of a verb:
Eg ich hoffe dich bald Wiedersehen zu können

In some contexts, it is the subject of the verb which is taken as the subject of the infinitive verb and other times the object.

Subject of Versprechen: Eg Christian versprach Helen ‘sie’ mitzunehmen

Object of bitten: eg Christian bat Ellen ‘ihn’ mitzunehmen

However with verbs of wishing/desiring/saying/knowing/thinking this construction is not possible (i.e. Cannot allow an object to be taken as the subject of the following infinitive clause) and a dass/wenn clause may be used:

Eg sie will, dass ich mit ihr gehe
NOT sie will ich mit ihr zu gehen.

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5
Q

Infinitive clauses with semi-auxiliary verbs

A

Semi auxiliary verbs have a closer link with following infinitive clauses than others

Unlike other verbs they always enclose the infinitive clause in dependent clauses/compound tenses

Bekommen: ‘wenn ich dich zu fassen bekomme’

Bleiben: ‘die Gesetzesvorlage bleibt noch zu diskutieren’

Brauchen: ‘du brauchst nur anzurufen’

Drohen (threaten): Oskars Herz drohte zu Stein zu werden

Gehen: (colloquial and expresses possibility): die Uhr geht zu reparieren

Haben: (expresses necessity or obligation) eg was habe ich zu bezahlen?

Kommen (expresses chance result): es war nicht meine Absicht, dass wir auf dieses Thema zu sprechen kamen

Scheinen: ihm scheint es zu gefallen

Sein (similar use to können or sometimes sollen/müssen) ist der Direktor heute zu sprechen?

Suchen (more formal)

Versprechen: Das Wetter verspricht schön zu werden

Verstehen

Wissen: Er weiß mit den Leuten umzugehen

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6
Q

Infinitive with adjectives

A

In some infinitive constructions after sein is used with an adjective, the subject of sein has to be understood as object of infinitive

Eg diese Aufgabe ist einfach zu lösen

However this is only possible in German for very few adjectives: einfach/interessant/leicht/schwer/schwierig and cannot be used with verbs that govern dative (eg helfen)

In these cases, need to use following construction:
Es war schön, sie zu kennen
Not: sie war schön zu kennen

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7
Q

Um zu

A
Expresses purpose (in order to) and is equivalent to introducing a phrase with 'damit'
Eg da war kein Wasser, um das Feuer zu löschen

It can be used after an adjective qualified by ‘zu’ or ‘genug’
Eg er ist zu jung, um alles zu verstehen

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8
Q

(An)statt zu

A

Corresponds to ‘instead of’

Eg er hat gespielt, anstatt zu arbeiten

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9
Q

Außer … zu

A

Corresponds to ‘except’, ‘apart from’ or ‘besides’

Eg was konnten sie tun, außer zu protestieren?

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10
Q

Use of infinitive without zu

A

A few verbs are followed by an infinitive without zu:

Modal auxiliaries (eg dürfen/sollen etc)

A few verbs of perception (fühlen/hören/sehen)
Eg ich sah ihn ins Zimmer kommen

Lassen (as both to let/allow and cause/make)
Eg er ließ mich das Buch behalten

Tun: (colloquial): er tut immer noch essen

Certain verbs of motion (gehen/kommen/fahren)
Eg kommst du heute schwimmen?

Bleiben/finden/haben with verb of Position
Eg er blieb im Zimmer sitzen

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11
Q

Bare infinitive

A

The infinitive is used rather than a past participle in the perfect (past) tense of some verbs used with a bare infinitive
Eg sie hat kommen wollen (not sie hat kommen gewollt)

This is the case with:
Modal auxiliaries 
Lassen
Sehen/hören/other verbs of perception
Helfen/heißen and other verbs that dont use zu in infinitive
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12
Q

Infinitives used as nouns

A

Almost all verbs can be used as a noun in German. They are all neuter and often correspond to English ‘-ing’ words.
They require definite article
Eg ich hörte das laute ‘Bellen’ eines Hundes

In reflexive verbs the ‘sich’ is usually omitted

They can be compounded with the object or another part of the clause eg ‘das Zeitungslesen’
Or using genitive eg Das Lesen der Zeitung

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13
Q

Infinitive nouns + prepositions

A

Beim + Infinitive noun: corresponds to English on/as/when
Eg Beim Erwachen (on waking up)

Zum + infinitive noun: expresses purpose and often corresponds to ‘for’
Eg Zum Fussballspielen ist der Garten zu klein

Bis zum + infinitive noun: expresses ‘until’
Eg bis zum Verlassen (until exit)

Ins + infinitive: used with geraten and kommen to denote beginning of an actiob
Eg der Ball geriet ins Rollen (started rolling)

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