part10

Question 1

. Name one organism commonly used to study apoptosis during development.

Answer 1

Xenopus
C. Elegans
Drosophila

Question 2

What are IPS cells?

Answer 2

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 3

On what basis are organelles separated during cell fractionation by differential centrifugation?

Answer 3

Size

Density

Question 4

Which cytoskeleton polymer does the motor protein dynein bind to?

Answer 4

MT

Question 5

Which particular myosin family member functions in muscle contraction?

Answer 5

Myosin II

Question 6

What cytoskeleton activity pushes out the cell front during cell migration?
Cell front protrusion involving actin polymerisation.

Answer 6

Lamellipodia

Question 7

Giardia are eukaryotic unicellular organisms that have no apparent mitochondria. What is the key piece of evidence indicating that the ancestors of Giardia did once have mitochondria?

Answer 7

Remnants of organelles

Presence of mitochondrial specific genes in their genome

Question 8

What does LCEA stand for?

Answer 8

Last common eukaryotic ancestor

Question 9

What aspect of cell function are P-bodies involved in?

Answer 9

Processing bodies, store mRNA

Question 10

What is endoreduplication? Give an example

Answer 10

Multiple rounds of DNA replication, no cell division. E.g Drosophila Embryo

Question 11

What produces the force that forms the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis

Answer 11

Actin – myosin II

Question 12

Name the two major ubiquitin ligases that control progress through the cell cycle

Answer 12

SCF, APC

Question 13

Name the macromolecular carrier for cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Answer 13

LDL

Question 14

What is the retrieval signal for the retention of soluble lumenal proteins in the ER?

Answer 14

-KDEL at the C-terminus

Question 15

What modification directs pre-lysosomal proteins to the lysosome?

Answer 15

Mannose phosphorylation

Question 16

On average how thick is the plasma membrane?

Answer 16

6nm

Question 17

Name an equation that relates equilibrium membrane potential to the concentration of ions.

Answer 17

Nernst

Question 18

. Approximately how many amino acid residues are needed to form an alpha helix sufficiently long to span the hydrophobic core of a cellular membrane?

Answer 18

20AA

Question 19

What are the 3 defining characteristics of somatic stem cells?

Answer 19

High proliferation potential
Generate multiple cell types
Self renewal

Not terminally differentiated
Can divide without limitations
• Daughter cell can either commit to differentiation, or remain as a stem cell

Question 20

What does M-CSF stand for?

Answer 20

Macrophage colony stimulating factor

Question 21

. Name 3 parts of the body where bone marrow is found in adults?

Answer 21

Hip bone, sternum, skull

Long bones such as the femur or humerus

Question 22

Which is the key mitochondrial protein that initiates apoptosis when released into the cytosol?

Answer 22

Cytochrome C

Question 23

What is the enzyme cascade that mediates dismantling of the cell during apoptosis?

Answer 23

Caspase Cascade

Question 24

. Name 3 of the processes which together constitute mitochondrial quality control?

Answer 24

Mitochondrial Autophagy
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion

Question 25

What is the major trigger to necrotic cell death triggered by mitochondrial calcium overload?

Answer 25

MPTP opening