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Phys III Exam 3 > Part III > Flashcards

Part III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of the airways of the lung?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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2
Q

How many alveoli are there?

A

300 million

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3
Q

What is dead space?

A

an area where gas exchange cannot occur

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4
Q

How much anatomical dead space is there?

A

150 mL worth

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5
Q

What constitutes anatomical dead space?

A

mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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6
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

anatomical dead space plus non-functional alveoli

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7
Q

How is dead space calculated?

A

using pure O2 inspiration and measuring nitrogen in expelled air

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8
Q

How much alveolar volume is there in the lung?

A

2150mL

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9
Q

How do you calculate alveolar volume?

A

functional residual volume minus dead space

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10
Q

Where is most of the functional residual volume located in the lung after normal expiration?

A

alveoli

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11
Q

There is a ___ turnover of the ___ in the alveoli.

A

slow, FRC

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12
Q

How many breaths does it take to completely turn over the FRC?

A

6-7 breaths

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13
Q

How do you determine the rate of alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of alveoli = respiratory rate (tital volume - dead space)

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14
Q

What are the different ways the airways are controlled by the autonomic system?

A

efferent neural control, NANC, afferent nerve control, rapidly adapting receptors, high densities of C fibers

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15
Q

What are the specific categories of efferent control?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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16
Q

In sympathetics in efferent control, what causes dilation?

A

beta receptors

17
Q

How do beta receptors cause dilation?

A

primarily by an indirect effect via circulating epinephrine

secondarily from sparse innervation (weak)

18
Q

For parasympathetics, ____ receptors cause ____

A

muscarinic, constriction

19
Q

What does NANC stand for?

A

non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic

20
Q

What does the inhibitory effect of NANC do?

A

release of VIP and NO that causes vasodilation

21
Q

What does stimulation of NANC do?

A

causes bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, vascular hyperpermeability, cause, vasodilation, “neurogenic inflammation”

22
Q

What is the afferent nerve control of the lungs?

A

it isslow adapting recepors assocated with proximal airways and stretch receptors involved in reflex control of breathing and cough reflex

23
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors of the lungs sensitive to?

A

mechanical stimulation, protons, low chloride solutions, histamine, cigarette smoke, ozone, serotonin, PGF2 alpha

24
Q

Some of the sensitivities for rapidly adapting receptors of the lung are secondary to what?

A

mechanical stimulation

25
Q

What are C fibers?

A

high density of fibers in the lungs

26
Q

What do C fibers contain?

A

neuropeptides (substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene related peptide)

27
Q

What are C fibers selectively stimulated by?

A

capsasin

28
Q

What are other things that are activated by C fibers?

A

bradykinin, protons, hyperosmole solutions, cigarette smoke

29
Q

What constricts the airways?

A

histamine binding to H1 receptors and prostaglandin F series

30
Q

What dilates the airways?

A

histamine binding to H2 receptors and prostaglandin E series

31
Q

What is the airway mediated by when environmental pollution is inhaled?

A

it is mediated by the parasympathetic reflex and local constrictor responses

32
Q

What is the normal HCO3 level for the body?

A

24mEq/L

33
Q

What does metabolic acidosis do?

A

(

34
Q

What does metabolic alkalosis do?

A

(>24mEq/L) decreases ventilation

35
Q

What HCO3 regulated by?

A

kidneys

36
Q

What is the normal levels of CO2?

A

40mmHg

37
Q

What does respiratory acidosis do?

A

(>40mmHg) increases ventilation

38
Q

What does respiratory alkalosis do?

A

(

39
Q

What is CO2 regulated by?

A

lungs

Phys III Exam 3 (10 decks)

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