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AP Bio > Part 6: Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Part 6: Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Cell division

A

One cell divides into multiple cells via mitosis or meiosis at the end of the cell cycle

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1
Q

Epidermal cells

A

Skin cells

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A

Life cycle of the cell, the period from one division to the next

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3
Q

Interphase

A

The period where the cell is growing, carrying out cell functions, and preparing for division

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

One kind of cell division in which the two daughter cells are exact copies of the mother cell
Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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5
Q

G1

A

The first growth phase of the cell, right after the cell division that created the cell

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6
Q

S

A

The phase where DNA is copied

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7
Q

G2

A

The final growth phase of the cell, where the cell prepares for division

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8
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Exact copies of the same chromatid, make up a chromosome, will be split in cell division

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Structure that holds the chromatids together

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10
Q

Prophase

A

Stage one; Nucleolus disappears, DNA condenses, chromosomes formed, centrioles begin moving to opposite poles of the cell

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Loose DNA, before its wound into chromosomes

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12
Q

Spindle fibers

A

Pull apart the sister chromatids during anaphase, come from the centrioles

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13
Q

Kinetochore

A

Part of the centromere where the spindle fibers attach to pull apart chromatids

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Stage 2, chromosomes line up in middle of cell

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15
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Middle of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Stage 3, chromatids pulled apart

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, nucleoli reappear

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell splits

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19
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Membrane pinches in around each nucleus right before cell splits in animals

20
Q

Cell plate

A

Bits of cell wall that begin to form as cell is splitting in plants

21
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that has two sets of chromosomes, 2n

22
Q

Haploid

A

Cell that has one set of chromosomes, n

23
Q

Homologues

A

Pairs of chromosomes

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Make up homologues, separate chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and traits expressed

25
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of gametes (haploid cells for reproduction)

26
Q

Gonads

A

Organs where meiosis occurs, testes/ovaries

27
Q

Germ cells

A

Cells that produce gametes

28
Q

Meiosis I

A

First round of division

29
Q

Meiosis II

A

Second round of division

30
Q

Synopsis

A

Chromosomes line up with counterparts (homologues) in prophase 1

31
Q

Tetras/bivalent

A

4 chromatids that come together during synapses

32
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchanging of segments of chromosomes during prophase 1

33
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

34
Q

Chiasmata

A

Special regions where homologous chromosomes are held together at the end of prophase 1

35
Q

Independent assortment

A

random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase

36
Q

Game toenails

A

Formation of gametes, meiosis
Spermatogenesis in males
Oogenesis in females

37
Q

Polar bodies

A

Three of the four haploid cells produced in female meiosis

38
Q

Ovum

A

One of the four haploid cells produced during female meiosis, only one that can be fertilized

39
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, results in extra or missing chromosomes and severe genetic defects

40
Q

Translocation

A

Chromosome breaks and fragment attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

41
Q

Operon

A

Region of bacterial DNA that controls gene expression

42
Q

Structural genes

A

Code for enzymes needed in a chemical reaction

43
Q

Promoter

A

Where the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription of a gene

44
Q

Operator

A

Region that controls whether transcription will occur

45
Q

Regulatory gene

A

Codes for the repressor, which can block transcription by binding to the operator

46
Q

Inducer

A

In some operons, binds to regulator to disable it and activate transcription

47
Q

Corepressor

A

In some operons, binds to Repressor to activate it and stop transcription

AP Bio (10 decks)

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