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AP Bio > Part 2: Cells > Flashcards

Part 2: Cells Flashcards

0
Q

Light microscopes

A

Compound microscopes, used to study stained/living cells, magnify up to 1000x

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1
Q

Cells

A

Most basic unit of life

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2
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Used to study detailed structures of cells that can’t be seen under light microscopes
Scanning-uses electron beam to scan surface and project 3D image back
Transmission-cross section of cell

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles
Large (for cells)
Linear DNA-in nucleus
Fungi/protists/plants/animals

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Circular DNA- floats freely in cell
No membrane enclosed organelles
Cell wall
Bacteria and archae

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell- semipermeable

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Loosely associated with bilayer, on inner or outer surface of membrane

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Firmly bound to plasma membrane, amphipathic

Transmembrane proteins don’t extend all the way through

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8
Q

Fluid-mosaic model

A

Membrane phospholipids are fluid, proteins make it a mosaic

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9
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

Form junctions between adjacent cells

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10
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Docking sites for ECM or hormones

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11
Q

Transport proteins

A

Pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across membrane

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12
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allow for passage of select molecules or ions across membrane

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13
Q

Recognition and adhesion proteins

A

Play a role in cell recognition and adhesion

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14
Q

Carbohydrate side-chains

A

Part of ECM, found attached to some proteins

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

Stabilize membrane fluidity in animal cells, keeps it from being greatly influenced by temperature

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16
Q

Chromosomes

A

Organized DNA

Used in cell division

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17
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis

Free or bound

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuous channel that extends into the cytoplasm
Rough- studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis
Smooth- detox, makes lipids

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20
Q

Golgi body

A

Packaging and shipping
Package things in vesicles
Produce lysosomes

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouses of the cell
Convert energy from organic molecules int useful energy (ATP)
Site of cell resp.

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22
Q

ATP

A

Adenine triphosphate

Energy currency of the cell

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Carry digestive enzymes, used to break down old organelles/debris/ingested particles

24
Q

Centrioles

A

Small, paired cylindrical structures found within microtubule organizing centers (mtocs)
Produce microtubules during cell division
In animal, but not plant cells

25
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, waste, salt, and pigments

26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down substances

Hydrogen peroxide is byproduct

27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers that determine shape of cell

28
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of protein tubulin

Centrioles, cilia, flagella

29
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Aid in cell movement in watery environments

30
Q

Euglena

A

Classic example of organism with flagella

31
Q

Paramecium

A

Classic example of organism with cilia

32
Q

Cell wall

A

Protective, rigid outer covering of plant cells, fungi cells, protist cells and prokaryotes

33
Q

Chitin

A

Modified polysaccharide that makes up fungi cell walls

34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles involved in photosynthesis

Contain chlorophyl - gives plants green color

35
Q

Cell sap

A

Contained in vacuole of mature plant cells

36
Q

Passive transport

A

Substance moves down the concentration gradient and diffuses through the membrane (or proteins in the membrane)

37
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

38
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved substances

39
Q

Channel proteins

A

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that help lipid-insoluble substances move across the membrane

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion is aided by carrier or channel proteins, but no energy is used (still diffusion)

41
Q

Active transport

A

The transport of substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)

42
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Example of active transport carrier protein

43
Q

Endocytosis

A

For extremely large particles, part of the cell forms a pocket around the substance, pinches it in, and forms a vesicle that contains the substance

44
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking, small gulps

45
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating, very large particles

46
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A

Ligand starts process in which receptor with ligand bound to it is brought into the cell: cell folds in and forms vesicle around ligand, carries it to interior of cell

47
Q

Bulk flow

A

One-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure

Blood flow, xylem/phloem fluids

48
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

49
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell releasing waste products or specific secretion products

50
Q

Intercellular junctions

A

Connections between cells that involve plasma membranes and other components

51
Q

Desmosomes

A

Animal cells, like a rivet

52
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels between cells- cells share cytoplasm

53
Q

Tight junctions

A

Cells pressed up tightly against one another, connected by proteins in ECM

54
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Gap junctions of plant cells

AP Bio (10 decks)

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