Part 2: Cells

Question 0

Light microscopes

Answer 0

Compound microscopes, used to study stained/living cells, magnify up to 1000x

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

Most basic unit of life

Question 2

Electron microscopes

Answer 2

Used to study detailed structures of cells that can’t be seen under light microscopes
Scanning-uses electron beam to scan surface and project 3D image back
Transmission-cross section of cell

Question 3

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Membrane-enclosed organelles
Large (for cells)
Linear DNA-in nucleus
Fungi/protists/plants/animals

Question 4

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 4

Circular DNA- floats freely in cell
No membrane enclosed organelles
Cell wall
Bacteria and archae

Question 5

Plasma membrane

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell- semipermeable

Question 6

Peripheral proteins

Answer 6

Loosely associated with bilayer, on inner or outer surface of membrane

Question 7

Integral proteins

Answer 7

Firmly bound to plasma membrane, amphipathic

Transmembrane proteins don’t extend all the way through

Question 8

Fluid-mosaic model

Answer 8

Membrane phospholipids are fluid, proteins make it a mosaic

Question 9

Adhesion proteins

Answer 9

Form junctions between adjacent cells

Question 10

Receptor proteins

Answer 10

Docking sites for ECM or hormones

Question 11

Transport proteins

Answer 11

Pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across membrane

Question 12

Channel proteins

Answer 12

Allow for passage of select molecules or ions across membrane

Question 13

Recognition and adhesion proteins

Answer 13

Play a role in cell recognition and adhesion

Question 14

Carbohydrate side-chains

Answer 14

Part of ECM, found attached to some proteins

Question 15

Cholesterol

Answer 15

Stabilize membrane fluidity in animal cells, keeps it from being greatly influenced by temperature

Question 16

Chromosomes

Answer 16

Organized DNA

Used in cell division

Question 17

Nucleolus

Answer 17

Site of RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Question 18

Ribosomes

Answer 18

Sites of protein synthesis

Free or bound

Question 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

Continuous channel that extends into the cytoplasm
Rough- studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis
Smooth- detox, makes lipids

Question 20

Golgi body

Answer 20

Packaging and shipping
Package things in vesicles
Produce lysosomes

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Powerhouses of the cell
Convert energy from organic molecules int useful energy (ATP)
Site of cell resp.

Question 22

ATP

Answer 22

Adenine triphosphate

Energy currency of the cell

Question 23

Lysosomes

Answer 23

Carry digestive enzymes, used to break down old organelles/debris/ingested particles

Question 24

Centrioles

Answer 24

Small, paired cylindrical structures found within microtubule organizing centers (mtocs) Produce microtubules during cell division In animal, but not plant cells

Question 25

Vacuoles

Answer 25

Fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, waste, salt, and pigments

Question 26

Peroxisomes

Answer 26

Break down substances | Hydrogen peroxide is byproduct

Question 27

Cytoskeleton

Answer 27

Network of fibers that determine shape of cell

Question 28

Microtubules

Answer 28

Made of protein tubulin | Centrioles, cilia, flagella

Question 29

Cilia and flagella

Answer 29

Aid in cell movement in watery environments

Question 30

Euglena

Answer 30

Classic example of organism with flagella

Question 31

Paramecium

Answer 31

Classic example of organism with cilia

Question 32

Cell wall

Answer 32

Protective, rigid outer covering of plant cells, fungi cells, protist cells and prokaryotes

Question 33

Chitin

Answer 33

Modified polysaccharide that makes up fungi cell walls

Question 34

Chloroplasts

Answer 34

Organelles involved in photosynthesis | Contain chlorophyl - gives plants green color

Question 35

Cell sap

Answer 35

Contained in vacuole of mature plant cells

Question 36

Passive transport

Answer 36

Substance moves down the concentration gradient and diffuses through the membrane (or proteins in the membrane)

Question 37

Osmosis

Answer 37

Diffusion of water

Question 38

Solutes

Answer 38

Dissolved substances

Question 39

Channel proteins

Answer 39

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that help lipid-insoluble substances move across the membrane

Question 40

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 40

Diffusion is aided by carrier or channel proteins, but no energy is used (still diffusion)

Question 41

Active transport

Answer 41

The transport of substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)

Question 42

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer 42

Example of active transport carrier protein

Question 43

Endocytosis

Answer 43

For extremely large particles, part of the cell forms a pocket around the substance, pinches it in, and forms a vesicle that contains the substance

Question 44

Pinocytosis

Answer 44

Cell drinking, small gulps

Question 45

Phagocytosis

Answer 45

Cell eating, very large particles

Question 46

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Answer 46

Ligand starts process in which receptor with ligand bound to it is brought into the cell: cell folds in and forms vesicle around ligand, carries it to interior of cell

Question 47

Bulk flow

Answer 47

One-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure | Blood flow, xylem/phloem fluids

Question 48

Dialysis

Answer 48

Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 49

Exocytosis

Answer 49

Cell releasing waste products or specific secretion products

Question 50

Intercellular junctions

Answer 50

Connections between cells that involve plasma membranes and other components

Question 51

Desmosomes

Answer 51

Animal cells, like a rivet

Question 52

Gap junctions

Answer 52

Channels between cells- cells share cytoplasm

Question 53

Tight junctions

Answer 53

Cells pressed up tightly against one another, connected by proteins in ECM

Question 54

Plasmodesmata

Answer 54

Gap junctions of plant cells