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AP Bio > Part 10: Behavior and Ecology > Flashcards

Part 10: Behavior and Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Instinct

A

Inborn, unlearned behavior; sometimes triggered by releasers (environmental signals); the inherited “circuitry” that directs and guides behavior

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2
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

Particular type of innate behavior that is not reflex but is not conscious decision

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3
Q

Learning

A

Change in behavior brought about by an experience

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4
Q

Imprinting

A

Form of learning that occurs during a critical period, usually early in he organism’s life

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5
Q

Critical period

A

Short time frame when imprinting occurs

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

An organism comes to associate one thing with another, even if the events are independent, because of a common factor

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7
Q

Associative learning

A

The kind of learning that takes place in classical conditioning

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8
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Trial and error learning, animal’s behavior determines whether it obtain a reward or punishment, animals learn to behave a certain way for he reward

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9
Q

Habituation

A

Animal learns not to respond to a stimulus when stimulus is repeated over and over with no consequences

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10
Q

Insight

A

Reasoning, ability to figure out behavior that generates a desired outcome

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11
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Internal sense of time that determines when an organism will do certain things like eat and sleep, daily cycle

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12
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals between members of a species that stimulate olfactory receptors and ultimately affect behavior

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13
Q

Agonistic behavior

A

Aggressive behavior that occurs as a result of competition for a resource

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14
Q

Dominance hierarchies

A

Pecking orders, occur when members in a group have established which members are the most dominant, reduced competition when hierarchy is determined

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15
Q

Territoriality

A

Common behavior when food and nesting sites are in short supply, usually makes will establish and defend personal territories to protect resources

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16
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish behavior that benefits another organism in he group at the individual’s expense because it advances the genes of the group

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17
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Plants flowering in response to changes in the amount of daylight or darkness

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18
Q

Tropism

A

Turning in response to a stimulus

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19
Q

Phototropism

A

Plants bend toward sunlight

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20
Q

Gravitropism

A

Stems grow against gravity, roots grow with it

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21
Q

Biosphere

A

The entire part of the world where living things exist (I.e. Not the center)

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22
Q

Ecosystem

A

Interaction of living and no living things

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23
Q

Community

A

Organisms of different species that live in the same area

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24
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals from a species that live in the same area and interbreed

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25
Q

Biomes

A

Large subdivisions of the biosphere, massive areas that are classified based on climate and plant life

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26
Q

Tundra

A

Northernmost regions
Grasses and wild flowers
Permafrost, short growing season
Deer, lemmings, foxes, owls

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27
Q

Taiga

A

Northern forests
Conifers
Cold, long winters
Caribou, wolves, moose, bear, rabbits, lynx

28
Q

Temperate deciduous forests

A

NE and mid-E US, W Europe
Deciduous trees
Moderate precip., warm summers, cold winters
Deer, wolves, bear, small mammals, birds

29
Q

Grasslands

A

Mid-W US, Eurasia, Af., S Am.
Grasses
Hot summers, cold winters, unpredictable rainfall
Prairie dogs, bison, foxes, ferrets, grouse, snakes, lizards

30
Q

Deserts

A

W US
Cacti, drought-resistant plants
Arid, low rainfall, extreme diurnal temp. Shifts
Jackrabbits, owls, kangaroo rats, lizards, snakes, tortoises

31
Q

Topical rain forests

A

S Am.
High biomass, diverse plants
High rainfall and temps., impoverished soil
Sloths, snakes, monkeys, birds, leopards, insects

32
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Carbon is recycled throughout ecosystems, many other cycles like it

33
Q

Producers

A

Photosynthetic, make their own energy

34
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down organic matter into simple products, usually fungi and bacteria

35
Q

Niche

A

An organism’s particular position or function in a community

36
Q

Food chain

A

Describes the way different organisms depend in each other for food

37
Q

Primary consumers

A

Organisms that directly feed on producers, herbivores

38
Q

Secondary consumers

A

Feed on primary consumers

39
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Top of the food chain

40
Q

10% rule

A

Only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, the other 90% is used by the original organism

41
Q

Ecological pyramid

A

Represents the energy flow, biomass, and numbers of members within an ecosystem

42
Q

Behavior

A

How organisms cope with their environments

43
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit from the other’s presence

44
Q

Commensalism

A

Host organism is not affected, hosted organism benefits

45
Q

Parasitism

A

Organism harms host

46
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max number of individuals of a species that a habitat can support

47
Q

Population density

A

How many organisms of a species exist divided by the area they cover

48
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Factors that affect population regardless of the density of population

49
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Factors that affect the population as a result of its density

50
Q

Exponential growth

A

Occurs when a population is in an ideal environment, growth unrestricted, plenty of resources, no disease or predation

51
Q

Logistic growth

A

Population becomes restricted in size because of limited resources

52
Q

R-strategists

A

Make lots of potential offspring so that there is an excess population and the species has a greater chance of survival, even if any given individual doesn’t

53
Q

K-strategists

A

Make few offspring, but each has a good chance of survival

54
Q

Ecological succession

A

The predictable procession of plant communities over a relatively short period of time, decades or centuries

55
Q

Primary succession

A

The process of ecological succession where no previous organisms have existed

56
Q

Pioneer organisms

A

Organisms that are capable of living where no other organisms live, and make life possible for other organisms

57
Q

Sere

A

The entire sequence of a type of plant arriving in an area to when it is replaced by other, larger kinds of plants

58
Q

Climax community

A

Final sere community

59
Q

Secondary succession

A

When a new community develops where one has been but was destroyed

60
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Increasing of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 warm the earth, global warming

61
Q

Ozone depletion

A

Chlorofluorocarbon pollution results in pollution and destroys ozone layer, which protects from UV

62
Q

Acid rain

A

Pollution collects in the atmosphere and then returns to the earth as acid in rain, which lowers the pH of aquatic ecosystems and prevents organisms that create nutrients for plants from making the nutrients

63
Q

Desertification

A

Overgrazing leads to ecosystem becoming like a desert and reduces available habitats

64
Q

Deforestation

A

Forest clearing leads to habitat loss and changes weather and flood patterns

65
Q

Pollution

A

Toxic chemicals in the environment, cause defects and health problems

66
Q

Biomagnifiaction

A

Any toxins in the lower trophic levels increase in concentration and result in greater problems in the higher ones

67
Q

Reduction in biodiversity

A

Extinction of potentially useful plants and animals

AP Bio (10 decks)

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