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AP Bio > Part 1: The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Part 1: The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Oxygen

A

O

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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1
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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2
Q

Carbon

A

C
One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms
Can form 4 bonds (4 valence electrons)

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3
Q

Hydrogen

A

H

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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4
Q

Nitrogen

A

N

One of the four elements that make up most of all organisms

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements that are required by organisms in very small quantities
Iron, iodine, copper

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6
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties

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7
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged subatomic particles

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8
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally charged subatomic particles

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9
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, that contains the protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons different numbers of neutrons

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12
Q

Compound

A

Two or more chemically combined elements

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13
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes on composition of matter

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14
Q

Chemical bond

A

Attraction between two atoms, resulting from shared outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

Chemical bond resulting from an exchange of electrons so that each valence electron shell is full and each element has a charge, one negative, the other positive

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16
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons

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17
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

Covalent bonds where the electrons are shared completely equally

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18
Q

Polar covalent

A

Covalent bond where there is an unequal sharing of electrons, because a more electronegative element pulls on the shared electrons, giving each region a partial charge

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19
Q

Polar

A

Molecules that are partially positive and partially negative

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

The bonding together of like molecules, usually by hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction between different kinds of molecules

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23
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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24
Q

Capillary action

A

The ability of water to travel up the roots, trunks/stems, and branches of plants through thin vessels

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25
Q

Heat capacity/specific heat

A

The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C

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26
Q

Acidic

A

Solution that is high in H+ molecule concentration

pH<7

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27
Q

Basic

A

Solution that is high in -OH molecule concentration

pH>7

28
Q

Neutral

A

Solution that has equal concentrations of H+ and -OH

pH=7

29
Q

Alkaline

A

Another word for basic

30
Q

pH scale

A

Logarithmic scale that assigns numerical values to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (1-14)

31
Q

Organic compounds

A

Compounds that contain carbon

32
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Compounds that don’t contain carbon

Exception:CO2

33
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Organic compounds made of C, H, and O

Usually CnH2nOn

34
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Carb made out of one kind of sugar molecule

35
Q

Disaccharide

A

Carb made out of two kinds of sugar molecules

36
Q

Glucose

A

One of the most common sugars, most abundant monosaccharide, produced by plants to store energy, broken down to release it

37
Q

Fructose

A

One of the most common sugars, common sugar in fruit

38
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Bond between monosaccharides

Results from dehydration synthesis

39
Q

Dehydration synthesis/condensation

A

Chemical bonding process in which an -H and an

-OH bond and leave to become water, leaving a bond between the two molecules they were bonded to

40
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The inverse of dehydration synthesis, in which a water molecule is added and then breaks, separating the two sugars

41
Q

Polymer

A

Molecule with repeating subunits of the same general type

42
Q

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen

A

Most common polysaccharides

43
Q

Plastids

A

Family of similar organelles including chloroplasts that are present in the cells of photosynthetic organisms

44
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

45
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2

One of the four important parts of an amino acid

46
Q

Carboxyl group

A

-COOH

One of the four important parts of an amino acid

47
Q

R group/side chain

A

Changes based on specific amino acid

One of the four important parts of an amino acid

48
Q

Functional groups

A

Distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of

49
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two bound amino acids

50
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond between two amino acids

51
Q

Polypeptide

A

3+ peptides joined together

52
Q

Protein

A

3D structure of a polypeptide that has folded and twisted on itself

53
Q

Lipids

A

Group of compounds that mixes poorly, if at all, with water

54
Q

Fats, oils, phospholipids and steroids

A

Kinds of lipids

55
Q

Neutral fats

A

Simple lipids, made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

56
Q

Glycerol

A

Backbone of most lipids

57
Q

Ester linkage

A

Linkage between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

58
Q

Saturated

A

Fatty acids that have single bonds between each of their carbons and hydrogens
Solid at room temp

59
Q

Unsaturated

A

Fatty acids that have double bonds somewhere on their carbon-hydrogen chains, and do not have the maximum number of hydrogens
Liquid at room temp

60
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acids that have more than one double bond

61
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-hating/ don’t mix with water, nonpolar

62
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving/ mixes well with water, polar

63
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecule that has both hydrophilic and -phobic regions

64
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymer made of many nucleotide sequences that serves as a blueprint for proteins and all cellular activities, DNA and RNA

65
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Nitrogenous bases, ribose/deoxyribose, phosphate group

66
Q

DNA and RNA

A

The two types of nucleic acid

67
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers

Rely on organic molecules for food

68
Q

Autotrophs

A

Producers

Make their own food

AP Bio (10 decks)

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