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AP Bio > Part 5: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Part 5: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Genetic material at is tightly wound into chromosomes, genes generally inactive

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1
Q

Euchromatin

A

Genetic material that is loose in the cell, available for transcription

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2
Q

Double helix

A

Long twisted ladder shape of DNA

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3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Subunits of DNA

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4
Q

5C sugar

A

Part of a nucleotide, ribose or deoxyribose

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5
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A, T (U in RNA), C, or G

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6
Q

Adenine

A

A

Purine (2 rings)

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7
Q

Guanine

A

G

Purine (2 rings)

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8
Q

Cytosine

A

C

Pyrimidine (1 ring)

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9
Q

Thymine

A

T

Pyrimidine (1 ring)

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10
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

Linkages between nucleotides

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11
Q

Base pairing

A

Predictable matching of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids
A-T or U
C-G

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12
Q

Complementary

A

One strand of DNA (ideally) fits together perfectly with the other strand because of base pairing

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13
Q

Antiparallel

A

Property of DNA that strands are opposite to each other (i.e. one strand is 5’-3’ and the other is 3’-5’)

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between nitrogenous bases on opposite DNA strands

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15
Q

DNA replication

A

Copying of DNA

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16
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA at the beginning of DNA replication

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17
Q

Replication fork

A

The place where the unwound DNA meets the still wound DNA, and the helicase is present to unwind the DNA

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18
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that goes down the strand of DNA before helicase to prevent tangling and breaking of the DNA while it os being split

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19
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds the new nucleotides to the template strands of DNA

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20
Q

RNA primase

A

Short strand of RNA nucleotides that is attached to the 5’ end that must be replace by DNA polymerase

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

Strand that goes from 5’ to 3’ copying, so DNA replication can happen continuously

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22
Q

Lagging strand

A

3’ to 5’ strand, copied discontinuously

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23
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Pieces of DNA formed on the lagging strand that are eventually pasted together to form a new strand of DNA

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24
Q

DNA ligase

A

The enzyme that pastes the Okazaki fragments together

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25
Q

Semiconservative

A

Half of each parent strand is conserved and used in the daughter strands

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26
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that control the transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA

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27
Q

Uracil

A

U

Replace thymine

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28
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, copies the info stored in the DNA, and carries it to the ribosome

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29
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes

30
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA, shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes

31
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Transcription, RNA processing, translation

32
Q

Transcription

A

Direct copying of the code for proteins from DNA; initiation, elongation, termination

33
Q

Promoters

A

The special sequences of DNA at which RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins

34
Q

Sense strand/template strand

A

Strand that is used as the template for the production of the RNA sequence

35
Q

Antisense strand

A

The strand that is not used during transcription

New RNA will have the same sequence as that strand, but replacing T with U

36
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The molecule responsible for traveling down the strand of DNA and correctly pairing the RNA nucleotides to form mRNA (does it split the chain?)

37
Q

Exons

A

The regions that express the code for polypeptides

38
Q

Introns

A

No coding regions of mRNA

39
Q

Spliceosome

A

RNA protein complex that removes introns

40
Q

Poly A tail

A

String of Adenines that is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA

41
Q

5’ cap

A

Added to the 5’ end of mRNA to make transport across the nuclear membrane easier

42
Q

Codon

A

Groups of 3 bases that code for specific amino acids

Redundant, but not ambiguous

43
Q

Anticodon

A

Part of tRNA that matches up with the codon of the mRNA to place its amino acid on the chain

44
Q

Translation

A

The process by which mRNA, via tRNA, creates a polypeptide chain
RNA–>protein

45
Q

A, P, and E sites

A

Places on a ribosome where the tRNA attaches, the polypeptide is released, and exits

46
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

The string of amino acids in a polypeptide

47
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets

48
Q

Tertiary structure of a polypeptide

A

Folding of the polypeptide into a 3D structure

49
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein

A

2+ polypeptides join to form protein

50
Q

Chaperonins

A

Proteins that supervise and aid in the folding of new proteins

51
Q

Mutation

A

A wrong sequence of DNA, and therefore RNA and polypeptides

52
Q

Base substitutions

A

Length of the polypeptide is not changed, just a base pair is substituted for another

53
Q

Missense mutations

A

Codon is altered in such a way that one amino acid is replaced with another

54
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Codon is changed in such a way that protein synthesis is terminated early

55
Q

Silent mutations

A

Mutations that usually occur in the 3rd base of a codon and do not change the protein at all

56
Q

Gene rearrangements

A

Mutations that affect many of the base pairs and codons, often change the length of the mRNA

57
Q

Insertions

A

An extra base is inserted into the sequence, disrupting the entire sequence of codons

58
Q

Deletions

A

A base pair is removed from the mRNA, disrupting the entire sequence of codons

59
Q

Duplications

A

Result in an extra copy of genes, usually caused by an unequal crossing over during meiosis or chromosome rearrangements

60
Q

Inversions

A

Result from changes in the orientations of chromosomal regions

61
Q

Translocations

A

Result from chromosomal breaking and rejoining in a way that a DNA sequence or gene is lost repeated, or interrupted

62
Q

Gene expression

A

How the genetic sequence of an organism contributes to its appearance or functions

63
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Combined DNA from multiple sources that creates a unique DNA not found in nature

64
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Branch or science that creates new organisms or products by transferring genes between cells

65
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Enzymes used to cut certain parts out of eukaryotic DNA and plasmids (nonessential bacterial DNA) to create an insertion site for the eukaryotic DNA

66
Q

Transformation

A

Plasmid DNA is combined with he bacteria and placed under conditions that favor the uptake of the DNA

67
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

The process by which DNA fragments can be separated according to their molecular weight

68
Q

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

A

Differences between the DNA fragments of members of the same species

69
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

RFLPs produced from DNA left at a crime scene are compared to RFLPs from the DNA of suspects

70
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

The process by which we can make billions of identical genes in a matter of hours
DNA is placed in a test tube, which is heated and cooled rapidly. Each time the DNA is heated, the hydrogen bonds break between the strands, and Taq polymerase can add nucleotides on both sides of the DNA, creating 2 identical strands of DNA (repeated over and over again)

71
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Lagging strand virus immediately starts using the host cell’s machinery to replicate the genetic material and create protein capsids, which spontaneously assemble into viruses and cause the cell to lyse, or break open, releasing the viruses

72
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus incorporates itself into the host genome, remains dormant until triggered to switch to the lytic cycle

73
Q

Retroviruses

A

Use reverse transcriptionase to convert their RNA genomes into DNA so they can be inserted into a host genome
High mutation rates, no error-proofing mechanisms

AP Bio (10 decks)

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