Parathyroid Glands

Question 1

When there is a drop in blood calcium levels in cats, dogs and cows it is termed:

Answer 1

Eclampsia, Milk fever, Hypocalcemia, Puerpal Tetany

Question 2

Spastic skeletal muscle contraction is :

Answer 2

Hypocalcemic tetany

Question 3

The excitability of the muscles is due to which ion?

Answer 3

Ca, since it blocks Na channel activity

Question 4

What hormone do Parathyroid glands secrete to raise Blood Ca level?

Answer 4

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 5

Blood coagulation, Secretion, Cell function, Neuronal transmission and muscle contraction all need:

Answer 5

calcium

Question 6

What 3 hormones regulate blood calcium level?

Answer 6

• PTH
• Active vitamin D3
• Calcitonin

Question 7

What produces and secretes PTH?

Answer 7

Chief cells in PT glands

Question 8

What is the precursor in chief cells for PTH?

Answer 8

Pre-proPTH

Question 9

How many AA does PTH have?

Answer 9

34

Question 10

When do chief cells in the PT glands become active?

Answer 10

When there is a low blood calcium

Question 11

T/F PTH raises blood calcium and PROMOTES Calcium phosphate deposition in bone

Answer 11

False, it does not promote the deposition

Question 12

Other than decreased blood calcium level, what other thing can stimulate PTH secretion?

Answer 12

Increase in PO4 3-

Question 13

What part of the bone is stimulated by PTH to promote resorption and release the Ca?

Answer 13

Osteoclasts

Question 14

What organ is stimulated by the PTH to reabsorb Ca ?

Answer 14

Kidneys

Question 15

PTH will help the kidney convert _______________ into active form to indirectly raise blood Ca?

Answer 15

Vitamin D3

Question 16

Where does 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production begin?

Answer 16

Skin

Question 17

Vitamin D3 precursor is:

Answer 17

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 18

Where is Vit D3 converted to the active 1,25 (OH)2 D3?

Answer 18

Liver and kidney

Question 19

In the liver, the hydroxyl group is added to which C in vitamin D3?

Answer 19

25

Question 20

In the kidney, the hydroxyl group is added to which C in vitamin D3?

Answer 20

1

Question 21

What type of enzyme in the kidney is stimulated by PTH that helps to activate vit D3?

Answer 21

Hydroxylation enzyme

Question 22

Absorption of Ca and PO4 3 is promoted by activated Vit D3 in the ____________________

Answer 22

small intestine

Question 23

_________________ of Ca happens in the kidneys

Answer 23

reabsorption

Question 24

Increases Ca and PO4 3- results in a _______________ (increase or decreased) tendency to precipitate as bone crystals

Answer 24

increased

Question 25

Where are the PTH receptors in the bone?

Answer 25

OsteoBLASTS

Question 26

What is produced when PTH stimulates osteoblasts?

Answer 26

RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor K B ligand)

Question 27

RANKL bind to __________ on preosteoclast to mature it and begin resorption

Answer 27

RANK

Question 28

Cancers will secrete the hormone _______________ to mimic the role of PTH

Answer 28

PTH-related protein (PTHrP)

Question 29

What does the PTHrP cause in relation to the increase in bone resorption?

Answer 29

Hypercalcemia

Question 30

In malignancy-related hypercalcemia (pseudo-hyperparathyroidism), PTH levels are _____________

Answer 30

normal or low

Question 31

PTHrP levels in pseudo-hyperparathyroidism are ?

Answer 31

high in 80%

Question 32

A high level of PTH in blood is termed:

Answer 32

hyperparathyroidism

Question 33

Primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by:

Answer 33

Parathyroid tumor or cancer

Question 34

Hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism can lead to ?

Answer 34

Kidney stones

Question 35

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs through what feedback?

Answer 35

Ca negative feedback

Question 36

What is an example of Secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 36

Rickets / Osteomalacia

Question 37

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is linked to hyper or hypocalcemia?

Answer 37

Hypocalcemia

Question 38

Hyperparathyroidism is linked to kidney stones and what other sign?

Answer 38

Osteoporosis

Question 39

Low level of PTH is called:

Answer 39

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 40

What can cause Hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 40

cancer radiation tx injury to parathyroid glands

Question 41

- muscle aches/cramps - muscle spasms (especially around mouth) - tingling, burning, numbness in fingertips, toes, lips - seizures - osteoporosis

Answer 41

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Question 42

Thyroid parafollicular cells will produce ____________ in response to increased blood ca/

Answer 42

Calcitonin

Question 43

The counterregulatory hormone to PTH is

Answer 43

Calcitonin

Question 44

Calcitonin will do what to osteoclastic activity?

Answer 44

Inhibit it and thus bone resorption

Question 45

What can be use to tx hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, and Paget's disease?

Answer 45

salmon calcitonin

Question 46

Paget's disease is ?

Answer 46

Excessive bone remodeling caused by increased osteoclastic actvity

Question 47

A decrease in Ca/increase in phosphate will lead to ___________ secretion from PT glands

Answer 47

PTH

Question 48

PTH secretion will increase ________________ in the kidneys

Answer 48

Ca reabsorption

Question 49

An Increase in Ca will stimulate the _________________ to secrete Calcitonin

Answer 49

Thyroid glands